{"id":5863,"date":"2025-12-26T00:36:17","date_gmt":"2025-12-26T00:36:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/?p=5863"},"modified":"2025-12-26T00:36:17","modified_gmt":"2025-12-26T00:36:17","slug":"high-temp-stainless-steel-fasteners-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/blog\/high-temp-stainless-steel-fasteners-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 \u1ed1c v\u00edt th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t cao"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 1200px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 20px; line-height: 1.6; color: #333; box-sizing: border-box;\">\n<h2 style=\"font-size: 1.8em; margin-top: 40px; border-bottom: 2px solid #eee; padding-bottom: 10px;\">Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c trong \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao<\/h2>\n<p>Trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 b\u1ed9 trao \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 1000\u00b0F (kho\u1ea3ng 538\u00b0C), c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft l\u1eafp gh\u00e9p b\u1eb1ng th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0103n m\u00f2n b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra do chu k\u1ef3 nhi\u1ec7t, l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac vi m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng crom xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u01a1 kh\u00ed, vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn h\u1ee3p kim th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<p>Chu k\u1ef3 nhi\u1ec7t \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m h\u00f3a, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c cacbua crom h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i ranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1t, l\u00e0m suy gi\u1ea3m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng crom trong ma tr\u1eadn xung quanh v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb \u0103n m\u00f2n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t. L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng r\u1ee7i ro n\u00e0y, c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y s\u1ebd m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn h\u1ee3p kim, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 ASTM A193 v\u00e0 ASTM F593, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"font-size: 1.8em; margin-top: 40px; border-bottom: 2px solid #eee; padding-bottom: 10px;\">Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9<\/h2>\n<p>Th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a b\u1edfi h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng crom t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 10,51 TP3T theo tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp oxit th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n t\u1ed1i \u01b0u \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng crom kho\u1ea3ng 121 TP3T \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb. Tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n v\u00f4 th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n; vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u00e0 chu k\u1ef3 nhi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m suy gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng crom c\u00f3 \u200b\u200bs\u1eb5n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c nhau, m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ri\u00eang cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u1ee3p kim nh\u01b0 niken \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac austenit, molypden \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n r\u1ed7, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 titan ho\u1eb7c niobi \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a cacbua. C\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n nh\u01b0 ASTM A193 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c m\u00e1c th\u00e9p d\u00f9ng cho bu l\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n k\u00e9o, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e3n d\u00e0i d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 20px; list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li>Crom t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh l\u1edbp m\u00e0ng th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng Cr2O3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng oxy h\u00f3a.<\/li>\n<li>Niken gi\u00fap t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u00e9p austenit.<\/li>\n<li>H\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng carbon ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"font-size: 1.8em; margin-top: 40px; border-bottom: 2px solid #eee; padding-bottom: 10px;\">Th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 d\u00f2ng 300: \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf<\/h2>\n<p>Th\u00e9p d\u00f2ng 300, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u00e9p 18-8 do h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng crom danh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 18% v\u00e0 niken l\u00e0 8%, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i cho \u1ed1c v\u00edt, ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng. Lo\u1ea1i 304 l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4n h\u00f2a. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nung n\u00f3ng tr\u00ean 850\u00b0F (454\u00b0C), s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a cacbon l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng crom, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c cacbua crom kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cacbon th\u1ea5p nh\u01b0 304L (cacbon \u22640,03%) gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh cacbua. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p kim \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 321 (v\u1edbi titan) v\u00e0 347 (v\u1edbi niobi) \u01b0u ti\u00ean li\u00ean k\u1ebft cacbon, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n crom. Theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ASTM A193, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng b\u1eaft v\u00edt. \u1ede nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 1000\u00b0F (538\u00b0C), h\u1ee3p kim d\u00f2ng 300 s\u1ebd m\u1ec1m \u0111i \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u1ee7 do m\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n khi gia c\u00f4ng ngu\u1ed9i, khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n cao.<\/p>\n<p>H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n: \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh gia nhi\u1ec7t tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n, h\u00e3y ch\u1ecdn h\u1ee3p kim \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ki\u1ec3m tra theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ASTM A262 v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0103n m\u00f2n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t. Trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 linh ki\u1ec7n n\u1ed3i h\u01a1i, d\u00f2ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m 300 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m chi ph\u00ed l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 1500\u00b0F (816\u00b0C) n\u1ebfu qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan ng\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 20px; list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li>304: \u0110a d\u1ee5ng, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ean 800\u00b0F (427\u00b0C).<\/li>\n<li>321\/347: \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0n v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao.<\/li>\n<li>\u0110\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n: Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1t 75-100 ksi khi k\u00e9o gi\u00e3n \u1edf d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee7.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"font-size: 1.8em; margin-top: 40px; border-bottom: 2px solid #eee; padding-bottom: 10px;\">Th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 d\u00f2ng 400: Ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao<\/h2>\n<p>Th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 ferritic v\u00e0 martensitic d\u00f2ng 400 ch\u1ee9a crom 12-14%, tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a cacbua c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng 300 do \u00e1i l\u1ef1c cacbon th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n cao h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 1200\u00b0F (649\u00b0C). Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng crom th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng 300 (16-20% Cr).<\/p>\n<p>C\u1ea3 hai d\u00f2ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng d\u00f2ng 400 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb t\u00ednh, gi\u00fap \u00edch cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ASTM F593 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 410, 416 v\u00e0 430 cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u1ed1c v\u00edt. Ch\u00fang l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0103n m\u00f2n v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 \u00f4 t\u00f4 ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn tuabin, n\u01a1i t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u200b\u200bt\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1ng lo ng\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u1eefng \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eb7n v\u00e0 oxy h\u00f3a l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 1500\u00b0F (816\u00b0C) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i. X\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t bao g\u1ed3m t\u00f4i v\u00e0 ram \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, th\u00e9p 410 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n k\u00e9o 200 ksi sau khi t\u00f4i c\u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"font-size: 1.8em; margin-top: 40px; border-bottom: 2px solid #eee; padding-bottom: 10px;\">H\u1ee3p kim g\u1ed1c Niken d\u00f9ng cho \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t<\/h2>\n<p>C\u00e1c si\u00eau h\u1ee3p kim g\u1ed1c niken nh\u01b0 Inconel (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: 718, X-750) v\u00e0 d\u00f2ng Hastelloy v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao, v\u1edbi h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng crom \u226516% \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t, duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao, khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n trong ng\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u1ed1c v\u00edt t\u00e0u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5). Inconel 718 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n k\u00e9o l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 180 ksi \u1edf 1200\u00b0F (649\u00b0C).<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ee3p kim Monel (65% Ni, 33% Cu) c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n t\u1ed1t nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u1ed1c v\u00edt d\u00f9ng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n ho\u1eb7c h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c h\u1ee3p kim Haynes, nh\u01b0 Hastelloy C-276, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 1900\u00b0F (1038\u00b0C). Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ASME B18 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c h\u1ee3p kim n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4i c\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng d\u1ebbo, m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c tuabin kh\u00ed, n\u01a1i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"font-size: 1.8em; margin-top: 40px; border-bottom: 2px solid #eee; padding-bottom: 10px;\">Th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 A-286: Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/h2>\n<p>H\u1ee3p kim A-286 l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p kim t\u00f4i c\u1ee9ng k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a g\u1ed1c s\u1eaft v\u1edbi crom 15%, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong ng\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 nh\u1edd \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh d\u1ec5 x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n k\u00e9o 140-180 ksi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n gia c\u00f4ng ngu\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 220 ksi khi gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ngu\u1ed9i, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e3n d\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m. Ph\u1ea1m vi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng: -423\u00b0F (-253\u00b0C) \u0111\u1ebfn 1300\u00b0F (704\u00b0C).<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef th\u00e9p A-286 theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n AMS 5731\/5732. Lo\u1ea1i th\u00e9p n\u00e0y l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho bu l\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng oxy h\u00f3a v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n m\u1ecfi cao. K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u1ee7 dung d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 l\u00e3o h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i \u01b0u.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"font-size: 1.8em; margin-top: 40px; border-bottom: 2px solid #eee; padding-bottom: 10px;\">C\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 MP35N, MP159 v\u00e0 Waspaloy<\/h2>\n<p>H\u1ee3p kim MP35N v\u00e0 MP159 (h\u1ee3p kim coban-niken v\u1edbi crom 19%) c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t, l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 1100\u00b0F (593\u00b0C). Waspaloy, m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p kim g\u1ed1c niken, ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ean 1600\u00b0F (871\u00b0C) v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng d\u1ebbo cao. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn cao c\u1ea5p cho ng\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eaft ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 t\u00ecm h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p>Ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khi c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p kim ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng; ch\u00fang c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n k\u00e9o t\u1ed1i \u0111a tr\u00ean 260 ksi.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"font-size: 1.8em; margin-top: 40px; border-bottom: 2px solid #eee; padding-bottom: 10px;\">H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n<\/h2>\n<p>L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0103n m\u00f2n v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n. Tr\u00e1nh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00e9p 304 \u1edf 1000\u00b0F (538\u00b0C); s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng 321\/347 n\u1ebfu ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ec1m h\u00f3a. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n cao h\u01a1n, h\u00e3y ch\u1ecdn d\u00f2ng 400 ho\u1eb7c A-286. Ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng si\u00eau h\u1ee3p kim cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng quan tr\u1ecdng. Tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ASTM, ASME v\u00e0 ISO \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng truy xu\u1ea5t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 20px; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<li>\u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i \u0111a v\u00e0 chu k\u1ef3.<\/li>\n<li>\u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0103n m\u00f2n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/li>\n<li>H\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 t\u00ednh s\u1eb5n c\u00f3.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc chung: Ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1eaft ti\u1ec1n khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"font-size: 1.8em; margin-top: 40px; border-bottom: 2px solid #eee; padding-bottom: 10px;\">B\u1ea3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt chung<\/h2>\n<div class=\"table-container\" style=\"overflow-x: auto; width: 100%;\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f2f2f2;\">\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Lo\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p kim<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">H\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Crom (%)<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a (\u00b0F\/\u00b0C)<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">\u0110\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n k\u00e9o (ksi)<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ch\u00ednh<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">304<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">18-20<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">1000\/538<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">75-100<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">ASTM A193<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">321\/347<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">17-19<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">1500\/816<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">75-115<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">ASTM A193<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">410<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">11.5-13.5<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">1200\/649<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">110-200<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">ASTM F593<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">Inconel 718<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">17-21<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">1300\/704<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">180-220<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">AMS 5662<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">A-286<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">13.5-16<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">1300\/704<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">140-220<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">AMS 5731<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">MP35N<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">19-21<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">1100\/593<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">260-300<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">AMS 5844<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\">B\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y t\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ng\u00e0nh. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"font-size: 1.8em; margin-top: 40px; border-bottom: 2px solid #eee; padding-bottom: 10px;\">Ph\u1ea7n H\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e1p<\/h2>\n<p><strong>T\u1ea1i sao \u1ed1c v\u00edt b\u1eb1ng th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb g\u1ec9 \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao?<\/strong><br \/>\nChu k\u1ef3 nhi\u1ec7t g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 suy gi\u1ea3m h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng crom th\u00f4ng qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh cacbua, ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 l\u1edbp m\u00e0ng th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng. N\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p kim \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 321 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i \u0111a m\u00e0 \u1ed1c v\u00edt l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 304 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau?<\/strong><br \/>\nTh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i \u0111a l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 1000\u00b0F (538\u00b0C) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian ph\u01a1i s\u00e1ng ng\u1eafn, nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ean 800\u00b0F (427\u00b0C). N\u00ean ch\u1ecdn lo\u1ea1i 304L \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>D\u00f2ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m 400 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng 300 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao?<\/strong><br \/>\nC\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m d\u00f2ng 400 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eb7n \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 1200\u00b0F (649\u00b0C) nh\u01b0ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n do h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng crom gi\u1ea3m.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Khi n\u00e0o th\u00ec n\u00ean ch\u1ecdn Inconel thay v\u00ec th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9?<\/strong><br \/>\nD\u00e0nh cho m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ean 1200\u00b0F (649\u00b0C) v\u1edbi \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t cao, n\u01a1i c\u1ea7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng d\u1ebbo v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i, theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a \u1ed1c v\u00edt ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao?<\/strong><br \/>\nTi\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0103n m\u00f2n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ASTM A262, th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m k\u00e9o \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ASTM E21 v\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u00e3o v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p thay th\u1ebf ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m chi ph\u00ed n\u00e0o cho h\u1ee3p kim si\u00eau b\u1ec1n?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0110\u00fang v\u1eady, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i bu l\u00f4ng d\u00f2ng 300 ho\u1eb7c 400 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ee7 d\u00f9ng trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i, gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed trong khi v\u1eabn \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 bu l\u00f4ng theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ASME.<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c trong \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao Trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 b\u1ed9 trao \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 1000\u00b0F (kho\u1ea3ng 538\u00b0C), c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft l\u1eafp gh\u00e9p b\u1eb1ng th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0103n m\u00f2n b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra do chu k\u1ef3 nhi\u1ec7t, l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac vi m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng crom xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n. [\u2026]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[220],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5863","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-technical-documentation-and-references"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5863","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5863"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5863\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5864,"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5863\/revisions\/5864"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5863"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5863"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5863"}],"curies":[{"name":"trang web","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}