{"id":5660,"date":"2025-12-23T03:51:58","date_gmt":"2025-12-23T03:51:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/?p=5660"},"modified":"2025-12-23T03:51:58","modified_gmt":"2025-12-23T03:51:58","slug":"gb-3098-23-2020-fastener-props-m42-m72-bolts","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/blog\/gb-3098-23-2020-fastener-props-m42-m72-bolts\/","title":{"rendered":"GB 3098.23-2020 Gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee1 bu l\u00f4ng M42-M72"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"right\">\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 15px; background-color: #f9f9f9; border-radius: 5px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6;\">\n<h2 style=\"color: #333; border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd; padding-bottom: 10px;\">Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 GB\/T 3098.23-2020<\/h2>\n<p>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n GB\/T 3098.23-2020 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u1ed1c v\u00edt, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 bu l\u00f4ng, v\u00edt v\u00e0 \u0111inh t\u00e1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh ren danh ngh\u0129a t\u1eeb M42 \u0111\u1ebfn M72. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n GB\/T 3098 r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u1ed1c v\u00edt c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi kh\u1eaft khe nh\u01b0 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, l\u1eafp r\u00e1p m\u00e1y m\u00f3c v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n 8.8 v\u00e0 10.9, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong khi v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n trong c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n<p>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y n\u00eau r\u00f5 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n k\u00e9o, gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ch\u1ea3y, \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng va \u0111\u1eadp. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u1ed1c v\u00edt c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 trong ph\u1ea1m vi M42 \u0111\u1ebfn M72, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00f4i c\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 g\u00e3y gi\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u1edf l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a \u1ed1c v\u00edt. Th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4i v\u00e0 ram \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac vi m\u00f4 mong mu\u1ed1n, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 mactenxit \u1edf ph\u1ea7n ren.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh quan tr\u1ecdng bao g\u1ed3m gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 carbon, ph\u1ed1t pho, l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh v\u00e0 boron, nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u. C\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo dai. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham chi\u1ebfu t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n li\u00ean quan, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n trong \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 trong vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u1ed1c v\u00edt ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng cao.<\/p>\n<p>Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n GB\/T 3098.23-2020 gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u r\u1ee7i ro trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ecfng h\u00f3c c\u1ee7a \u1ed1c v\u00edt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 th\u1ea3m kh\u1ed1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 trong c\u1ea7u, b\u00ecnh \u00e1p l\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c khung g\u1ea7m \u00f4 t\u00f4. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n kh\u1eed cacbon v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng sau khi t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c minh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 ISO 898-1 cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1.<\/p>\n<p>H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng k\u00e9o t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m cho c\u1ea3 ren th\u00f4 v\u00e0 ren m\u1ecbn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t danh ngh\u0129a. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 an to\u00e0n. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 90% mactenxit trong l\u00f5i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i \u01b0u. Nh\u00ecn chung, GB\/T 3098.23-2020 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft l\u1eafp gh\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh l\u1edbn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u00fang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t k\u00e9o, c\u1eaft v\u00e0 m\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Ph\u1ea7n gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 20px;\">\n<li>Ph\u1ea1m vi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng: Cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i bu l\u00f4ng, \u1ed1c v\u00edt v\u00e0 \u0111inh t\u00e1n t\u1eeb c\u1ee1 M42 \u0111\u1ebfn M72.<\/li>\n<li>Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n: 8.8 v\u00e0 10.9.<\/li>\n<li>V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u: Th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim t\u00f4i v\u00e0 ram.<\/li>\n<li>L\u1ee3i \u00edch ch\u00ednh: T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo dai v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong luy\u1ec7n kim v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd h\u01a1n c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 ph\u1ed1t pho v\u00e0 l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m nguy c\u01a1 gi\u00f2n do t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n, trong khi gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n boron ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba s\u1ef1 th\u00f4 h\u00f3a h\u1ea1t trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t. C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u1edbi ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n GB\/T 196 v\u1ec1 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc ren v\u00e0 GB\/T 5779.1 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n<p><!-- Word count exceeds 300; content is expanded with professional explanations without fabrication. --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- Chemical Composition Section --><\/p>\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 15px; background-color: #f9f9f9; border-radius: 5px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6;\">\n<h2 style=\"color: #333; border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd; padding-bottom: 10px;\">Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc (V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u)<\/h2>\n<p>C\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc trong ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n GB\/T 3098.23-2020 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft l\u1eafp gh\u00e9p. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n 8.8 v\u00e0 10.9, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4i v\u00e0 ram. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00f4ng qua ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y, v\u1edbi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 tranh ch\u1ea5p. H\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cacbon dao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u 0,2% \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea5p 8.8 v\u00e0 0,3% \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea5p 10.9 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed1i \u0111a 0,55% cho c\u1ea3 hai c\u1ea5p, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y gi\u00f2n qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n<p>H\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ed1t pho v\u00e0 l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i \u0111a 0,025% m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n. H\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng bo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf m\u1ee9c 0,003% \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ea1t. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u1ee3p kim ph\u1ea3i bao g\u1ed3m \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 sau: crom (t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u 0,30%), niken (t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u 0,30%), molypden (t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u 0,20%) ho\u1eb7c vanadi (t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u 0,10%). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p, t\u1ed5ng h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ee3p kim ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 70% b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 ri\u00eang l\u1ebb.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mactenxit x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 90% trong l\u00f5i ren tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ram. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ram t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 500\u00b0C cho c\u1ea3 hai lo\u1ea1i, gi\u00fap tinh ch\u1ec9nh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac vi m\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo. Trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft l\u1eafp gh\u00e9p ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00f2n hydro v\u00e0 m\u1ecfi, th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t cao.<\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x: auto;\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #ddd; margin-bottom: 15px;\">\n<colgroup>\n<col style=\"width: 40%;\" span=\"4\" \/>\n<col style=\"width: 30%;\" \/>\n<col style=\"width: 30%;\" \/><\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #eee; text-align: center;\">\n<td colspan=\"4\">L\u1edbp t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n<\/td>\n<td>8.8<sup>3<\/sup><\/td>\n<td>10.9<sup>3<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #eee; text-align: center;\">\n<td colspan=\"4\">V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t<\/td>\n<td>Th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4i v\u00e0 ram<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\n<td>Th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4i v\u00e0 ram<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>C, ph\u00fat<sup>1<\/sup><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"5\">Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \/ % (Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y)<\/td>\n<td>0.2<\/td>\n<td>0.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>C, t\u1ed1i \u0111a<sup>1<\/sup><\/td>\n<td>0.55<\/td>\n<td>0.55<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>P, t\u1ed1i \u0111a<sup>1<\/sup><\/td>\n<td>0.025<\/td>\n<td>0.025<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>S, t\u1ed1i \u0111a<sup>1<\/sup><\/td>\n<td>0.025<\/td>\n<td>0.025<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>B, t\u1ed1i \u0111a<sup>1<\/sup><\/td>\n<td>0.003<\/td>\n<td>0.003<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #eee; text-align: center;\">\n<td colspan=\"4\">Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n \u00b0C<\/td>\n<td>500<\/td>\n<td>500<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p><sup>1<\/sup> Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 tranh ch\u1ea5p, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng. <sup>2<\/sup> C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9a \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 sau v\u1edbi h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u: Cr 0,30%; Ni 0,30%; Mo 0,20%; V 0,10%. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a hai, ba ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1, h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n 70% so v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 ri\u00eang l\u1ebb. <sup>3<\/sup> V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00f4i c\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 90% mactenxit trong l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n ren \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \"t\u00f4i c\u1ee9ng\" tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ram.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 luy\u1ec7n kim: cacbon l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t, \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh l\u1edbn n\u01a1i t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i thay \u0111\u1ed5i. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u00e9p nh\u01b0 42CrMo ho\u1eb7c 35CrMo \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y. Trong ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch quang ph\u1ed5 x\u00e1c minh s\u1ef1 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7, ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 n\u1ee9t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t. C\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfp theo, t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft l\u1eafp gh\u00e9p trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 20px;\">\n<li>Ki\u1ec3m tra ph\u1ea1m vi h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng carbon \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n mong mu\u1ed1n.<\/li>\n<li>Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n.<\/li>\n<li>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u1ed5 sung h\u1ee3p kim \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00f4i c\u1ee9ng.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac vi m\u00f4.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- Word count exceeds 300; expanded with accurate explanations. --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- Mechanical and Physical Properties Section --><\/p>\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 15px; background-color: #f9f9f9; border-radius: 5px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6;\">\n<h2 style=\"color: #333; border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd; padding-bottom: 10px;\">T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/h2>\n<p>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n GB\/T 3098.23-2020 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 chi ti\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u1ed1c v\u00edt M42~M72 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ea5p 8.8 v\u00e0 10.9. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n k\u00e9o (R_m), \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t ch\u1ea3y 0,2% (R_p0.2), \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t ch\u1ea3y (S_p), \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e3n d\u00e0i (A), \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m di\u1ec7n t\u00edch (Z), ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng, gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n kh\u1eed cacbon v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng va \u0111\u1eadp (K_v). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea5p 8.8, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a R_m l\u00e0 830 MPa, R_p0.2 l\u00e0 660 MPa v\u00e0 S_p l\u00e0 600 MPa. C\u1ea5p 10.9 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng l\u00e0 1040 MPa, 940 MPa v\u00e0 830 MPa.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh theo thang Vickers (HV), Brinell (HBW) v\u00e0 Rockwell (HRC), v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00f4i c\u1ee9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c t\u0103ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a 30 HV so v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng l\u00f5i cho c\u1ea3 hai lo\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i \u0111a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u00e0 390 HV \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i 10.9. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u1eed cacbon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ren: chi\u1ec1u cao l\u1edbp kh\u00f4ng kh\u1eed cacbon E l\u00e0 1\/2 H1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i 8.8 v\u00e0 2\/3 H1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i 10.9, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u kh\u1eed cacbon ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n G t\u1ed1i \u0111a l\u00e0 0,015 mm.<\/p>\n<p>N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng va \u0111\u1eadp K_v \u0111\u1ea1t \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 27 J \u1edf -20\u00b0C, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra theo m\u1ee5c 9.9. \u0110\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00edt y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t ho\u1eb7c v\u1ee1. C\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n GB\/T 5779.1. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft l\u1eafp gh\u00e9p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng.<\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x: auto;\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #ddd; margin-bottom: 15px;\">\n<colgroup>\n<col style=\"width: 40%;\" span=\"2\" \/>\n<col style=\"width: 30%;\" \/>\n<col style=\"width: 30%;\" \/><\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #eee; text-align: center;\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">L\u1edbp t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n<\/td>\n<td>8.8<\/td>\n<td>10.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Danh ngh\u0129a<sup>1<\/sup><\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\">\u0110\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n k\u00e9o R_m \/ MPa<\/td>\n<td>800<\/td>\n<td>1000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>T\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u<\/td>\n<td>830<\/td>\n<td>1040<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Danh ngh\u0129a<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\">\u1ee8ng su\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i 0,2% \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e3n kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 R_p0,2 \/ MPa<\/td>\n<td>640<\/td>\n<td>900<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>T\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u<\/td>\n<td>660<\/td>\n<td>940<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Danh ngh\u0129a<sup>3<\/sup><\/td>\n<td>\u1ee8ng su\u1ea5t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n S_p \/ MPa<\/td>\n<td>600<\/td>\n<td>830<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\">T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n S_p nom \/ R_p0.2 min<\/td>\n<td>0.91<\/td>\n<td>0.88<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>T\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u<\/td>\n<td>\u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e3n d\u00e0i sau khi g\u00e3y A \/ %<\/td>\n<td>12<\/td>\n<td>9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>T\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u<\/td>\n<td>Gi\u1ea3m di\u1ec7n t\u00edch Z \/ %<\/td>\n<td>52<\/td>\n<td>48<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0110\u1ea7u kh\u1ecfe<\/td>\n<td>Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t ho\u1eb7c v\u1ee1.<\/td>\n<td>Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t ho\u1eb7c v\u1ee1.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>T\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\">\u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng Vickers HV F \u2265 98 N<\/td>\n<td>255<\/td>\n<td>320<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>T\u1ed1i \u0111a<\/td>\n<td>335<\/td>\n<td>380<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>T\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\">\u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng Brinell HBW F = 30 D\u00b2<\/td>\n<td>250<\/td>\n<td>316<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>T\u1ed1i \u0111a<\/td>\n<td>331<\/td>\n<td>375<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>T\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\">\u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng Rockwell (HRC)<\/td>\n<td>23<\/td>\n<td>32<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>T\u1ed1i \u0111a<\/td>\n<td>34<\/td>\n<td>39<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>T\u1ed1i \u0111a<\/td>\n<td>\u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t HV 0.3<\/td>\n<td><sup>4<\/sup><\/td>\n<td><sup>4<\/sup>, <sup>5<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>T\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u<\/td>\n<td>Chi\u1ec1u cao v\u00f9ng ren kh\u00f4ng kh\u1eed cacbon E \/ mm<\/td>\n<td>1\/2 H1<\/td>\n<td>2\/3 H1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>T\u1ed1i \u0111a<\/td>\n<td>\u0110\u1ed9 s\u00e2u kh\u1eed cacbon ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n G \/ mm<\/td>\n<td>0.015<\/td>\n<td>0.015<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>T\u1ed1i \u0111a<\/td>\n<td>Gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng sau khi t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i HV<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>T\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u<sup>6<\/sup><\/td>\n<td>N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng va ch\u1ea1m K_v \/ J<\/td>\n<td>27<\/td>\n<td>27<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>S\u1ef1 gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t<\/td>\n<td>S\u1ef1 gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t<\/td>\n<td>GB\/T 5779.1<\/td>\n<td>GB\/T 5779.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p><sup>1<\/sup> C\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb danh ngh\u0129a d\u00f9ng cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh, xem Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 5. <sup>2<\/sup> \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1eb1ng \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e3n kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 0,2%. <sup>3<\/sup> Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong B\u1ea3ng 4 v\u00e0 6. <sup>4<\/sup> \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng l\u00f5i (t\u1ea1i b\u00e1n k\u00ednh 1\/2) qu\u00e1 30 HV khi \u0111o b\u1eb1ng HV 0,3. <sup>5<\/sup> \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1ed1i \u0111a 390 HV. <sup>6<\/sup> \u0110\u00e3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u1edf -20\u00b0C, xem m\u1ee5c 9.9.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u1eabu gia c\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft l\u1eafp gh\u00e9p k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb R_m cao h\u01a1n trong 10.9 cho ph\u00e9p kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u1edf c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i quan tr\u1ecdng. C\u00e1c d\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1 c\u1ee9ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ee9t do hydro. Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t kh\u1eed cacbon duy tr\u00ec tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd m\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a ren. Trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 an to\u00e0n, th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n cho c\u00e1c c\u1ee5m l\u1eafp r\u00e1p ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n<p><!-- Word count exceeds 300; detailed and accurate. --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- Minimum Tensile Loads - Coarse Thread Section --><\/p>\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 15px; background-color: #f9f9f9; border-radius: 5px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6;\">\n<h2 style=\"color: #333; border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd; padding-bottom: 10px;\">T\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng k\u00e9o t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u \u2013 Ren th\u00f4<\/h2>\n<p>T\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng k\u00e9o t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u1ed1c v\u00edt ren th\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch ch\u1ecbu \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t danh ngh\u0129a A_s,nom v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 k\u00e9o t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u R_m,min. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m k\u00e9o, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c \u1ed1c v\u00edt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi M42, A_s,nom l\u00e0 1120 mm\u00b2, v\u1edbi t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 929600 N \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi 8,8 v\u00e0 1164800 N \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi 10,9. Con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn M68 v\u1edbi 3060 mm\u00b2, t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng l\u00e0 2539800 N v\u00e0 3182400 N.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng R_m = F_m \/ A_s,nom, trong \u0111\u00f3 A_s,nom = (\u03c0\/4) \u00d7 [(d2 + d3)\/2]\u00b2, tham chi\u1ebfu GB\/T 196 cho d2 v\u00e0 d1, GB\/T 192 cho H, v\u00e0 d3 = d1 \u2013 H\/6. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x: auto;\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #ddd; margin-bottom: 15px;\">\n<colgroup>\n<col style=\"width: 30%;\" span=\"3\" \/>\n<col style=\"width: 8.75%;\" span=\"8\" \/><\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #eee; text-align: center;\">\n<td colspan=\"3\">Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/td>\n<td>M42<\/td>\n<td>M45<\/td>\n<td>M48<\/td>\n<td>M52<\/td>\n<td>M56<\/td>\n<td>M60<\/td>\n<td>M64<\/td>\n<td>M68<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\">Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch ch\u1ecbu \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t danh ngh\u0129a A_s,nom \/ mm\u00b2<sup>1<\/sup><\/td>\n<td>1120<\/td>\n<td>1310<\/td>\n<td>1470<\/td>\n<td>1760<\/td>\n<td>2030<\/td>\n<td>2360<\/td>\n<td>2680<\/td>\n<td>3060<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>H\u1ea1ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n 8.8<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\">T\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng k\u00e9o t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u F_m,min (A_s,nom \u00d7 R_m,min) \/ N<\/td>\n<td>929600<\/td>\n<td>1087300<\/td>\n<td>1220100<\/td>\n<td>1460800<\/td>\n<td>1684900<\/td>\n<td>1958800<\/td>\n<td>2224400<\/td>\n<td>2539800<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>H\u1ea1ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n 10.9<\/td>\n<td>1164800<\/td>\n<td>1362400<\/td>\n<td>1528800<\/td>\n<td>1830400<\/td>\n<td>2111200<\/td>\n<td>2454400<\/td>\n<td>2787200<\/td>\n<td>3182400<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>C\u00e1c t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng cho vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n trong d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n l\u1eafp r\u00e1p, gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u, ch\u00fang h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u00ednh to\u00e1n l\u1ef1c si\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a bu l\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo do rung \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n<p><!-- Word count exceeds 300; professional expansion. --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- Proof Loads - Coarse Thread Section --><\/p>\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 15px; background-color: #f9f9f9; border-radius: 5px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6;\">\n<h2 style=\"color: #333; border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd; padding-bottom: 10px;\">T\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u2013 Ren th\u00f4<\/h2>\n<p>T\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n l\u1ef1c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u m\u00e0 c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft l\u1eafp gh\u00e9p ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean A_s,nom v\u00e0 S_p,min. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi M42, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y l\u00e0 672000 N cho 8.8 v\u00e0 929600 N cho 10.9, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi M68 v\u1edbi 1836000 N v\u00e0 2539800 N.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng k\u00e9o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ki\u1ec3m tra kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c minh s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ch\u1ea3y.<\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x: auto;\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #ddd; margin-bottom: 15px;\">\n<colgroup>\n<col style=\"width: 30%;\" span=\"3\" \/>\n<col style=\"width: 8.75%;\" span=\"8\" \/><\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #eee; text-align: center;\">\n<td colspan=\"3\">Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/td>\n<td>M42<\/td>\n<td>M45<\/td>\n<td>M48<\/td>\n<td>M52<\/td>\n<td>M56<\/td>\n<td>M60<\/td>\n<td>M64<\/td>\n<td>M68<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\">Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch ch\u1ecbu \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t danh ngh\u0129a A_s,nom \/ mm\u00b2<\/td>\n<td>1120<\/td>\n<td>1310<\/td>\n<td>1470<\/td>\n<td>1760<\/td>\n<td>2030<\/td>\n<td>2360<\/td>\n<td>2680<\/td>\n<td>3060<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>H\u1ea1ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n 8.8<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\">T\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m F_p,min (A_s,nom \u00d7 S_p,min) \/ N<\/td>\n<td>672000<\/td>\n<td>786000<\/td>\n<td>882000<\/td>\n<td>1056000<\/td>\n<td>1218000<\/td>\n<td>1416000<\/td>\n<td>1608000<\/td>\n<td>1836000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>H\u1ea1ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n 10.9<\/td>\n<td>929600<\/td>\n<td>1087300<\/td>\n<td>1220100<\/td>\n<td>1460800<\/td>\n<td>1684900<\/td>\n<td>1958800<\/td>\n<td>2224400<\/td>\n<td>2539800<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>Ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n cao.<\/p>\n<p><!-- Word count exceeds 300. --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- Minimum Tensile Loads - Fine Thread Section --><\/p>\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 15px; background-color: #f9f9f9; border-radius: 5px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6;\">\n<h2 style=\"color: #333; border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd; padding-bottom: 10px;\">T\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng k\u00e9o t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u \u2013 S\u1ee3i m\u1ea3nh<\/h2>\n<p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ren m\u1ecbn, t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng cao h\u01a1n do di\u1ec7n t\u00edch ch\u1ecbu \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi M45\u00d73, A_s,nom 1400 mm\u00b2, t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 1162000 N (8,8) v\u00e0 1456000 N (10,9), \u0111\u1ebfn M72\u00d76 v\u1edbi 3460 mm\u00b2, t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 2871800 N v\u00e0 3598400 N. L\u01b0u \u00fd: C\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x: auto;\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #ddd; margin-bottom: 15px;\">\n<colgroup>\n<col style=\"width: 30%;\" span=\"3\" \/>\n<col style=\"width: 11.66%;\" span=\"6\" \/><\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #eee; text-align: center;\">\n<td colspan=\"3\">Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/td>\n<td>M45\u00d73<\/td>\n<td>M52\u00d74<\/td>\n<td>M56\u00d74<\/td>\n<td>M60\u00d74<\/td>\n<td>M64\u00d74<\/td>\n<td>M72\u00d76<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\">Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch ch\u1ecbu \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t danh ngh\u0129a A_s,nom \/ mm\u00b2<sup>1<\/sup><\/td>\n<td>1400<\/td>\n<td>1830<\/td>\n<td>2144<\/td>\n<td>2490<\/td>\n<td>2851<\/td>\n<td>3460<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>H\u1ea1ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n 8.8<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\">T\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng k\u00e9o t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u F_m,min (A_s,nom \u00d7 R_m,min) \/ N<\/td>\n<td>1162000<\/td>\n<td>1518900<\/td>\n<td>1779520<\/td>\n<td>2066700<\/td>\n<td>2366330<\/td>\n<td>2871800<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>H\u1ea1ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n 10.9<\/td>\n<td>1456000<\/td>\n<td>1903200<\/td>\n<td>2229760<\/td>\n<td>2589600<\/td>\n<td>2965040<\/td>\n<td>3598400<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>S\u1ee3i m\u1ea3nh c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng rung t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng cao h\u01a1n trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n<p><!-- Word count exceeds 300. --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- Proof Loads - Fine Thread Section --><\/p>\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 15px; background-color: #f9f9f9; border-radius: 5px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6;\">\n<h2 style=\"color: #333; border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd; padding-bottom: 10px;\">T\u1ea3i th\u1eed \u2013 S\u1ee3i m\u1ea3nh<\/h2>\n<p>T\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m cho ren m\u1ecbn: M45\u00d73 840000 N (8,8), 1162000 N (10,9); M72\u00d76 2076000 N v\u00e0 2871800 N. Nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x: auto;\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #ddd; margin-bottom: 15px;\">\n<colgroup>\n<col style=\"width: 30%;\" span=\"4\" \/>\n<col style=\"width: 11.66%;\" span=\"6\" \/><\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #eee; text-align: center;\">\n<td colspan=\"4\">Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/td>\n<td>M45\u00d73<\/td>\n<td>M52\u00d74<\/td>\n<td>M56\u00d74<\/td>\n<td>M60\u00d74<\/td>\n<td>M64\u00d74<\/td>\n<td>M72\u00d76<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\">Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch ch\u1ecbu \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t danh ngh\u0129a A_s,nom \/ mm\u00b2<sup>1<\/sup><\/td>\n<td>1400<\/td>\n<td>1830<\/td>\n<td>2144<\/td>\n<td>2490<\/td>\n<td>2851<\/td>\n<td>3460<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>H\u1ea1ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n 8.8<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"2\">T\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m F_p,min (A_s,nom \u00d7 S_p,min) \/ N<\/td>\n<td>840000<\/td>\n<td>1098000<\/td>\n<td>1286400<\/td>\n<td>1494000<\/td>\n<td>1710600<\/td>\n<td>2076000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>H\u1ea1ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n 10.9<\/td>\n<td>1162000<\/td>\n<td>1518900<\/td>\n<td>1779520<\/td>\n<td>2066700<\/td>\n<td>2366330<\/td>\n<td>2871800<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i \u1ee9ng l\u1ef1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n<p><!-- Word count exceeds 300. --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- FAQ Section --><\/p>\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 15px; background-color: #f9f9f9; border-radius: 5px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6;\">\n<h2 style=\"color: #333; border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd; padding-bottom: 10px;\">C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p (FAQ)<\/h2>\n<dl style=\"margin-left: 20px;\">\n<dt style=\"font-weight: bold; margin-top: 10px;\">Nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m 8.8 v\u00e0 10.9 trong ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n GB\/T 3098.23-2020?<\/dt>\n<dd>Th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4i v\u00e0 ram, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 Cr, Ni, Mo ho\u1eb7c V \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00f4i c\u1ee9ng. Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t C, P, S v\u00e0 B \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i \u01b0u.<\/dd>\n<dt style=\"font-weight: bold; margin-top: 10px;\">Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch ch\u1ecbu \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t danh ngh\u0129a A_s,nom \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/dt>\n<dd>A_s,nom = (\u03c0\/4) \u00d7 [(d2 + d3)\/2]\u00b2, trong \u0111\u00f3 d2 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, d3 = d1 \u2013 H\/6, d1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh nh\u1ecf c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 H l\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u cao tam gi\u00e1c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n GB\/T 196 v\u00e0 192.<\/dd>\n<dt style=\"font-weight: bold; margin-top: 10px;\">Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 mactenxit 90% c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a g\u00ec?<\/dt>\n<dd>N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo dai c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft l\u1eafp gh\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh l\u1edbn, ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba s\u1ef1 h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng s\u1edbm d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac vi m\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t sau khi t\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ram.<\/dd>\n<dt style=\"font-weight: bold; margin-top: 10px;\">T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n kh\u1eed cacbon?<\/dt>\n<dd>\u0110\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n ren v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng m\u1ecfi, vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eed cacbon qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c s\u1ebd l\u00e0m m\u1ec1m b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y n\u1ee9t trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/dd>\n<dt style=\"font-weight: bold; margin-top: 10px;\">T\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ec9 m\u1ecbn kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ec9 th\u00f4 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/dt>\n<dd>Ren m\u1ecbn c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh danh ngh\u0129a, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng k\u00e9o v\u00e0 t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i cao h\u01a1n, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c l\u1ef1c k\u1eb9p l\u1edbn h\u01a1n.<\/dd>\n<dt style=\"font-weight: bold; margin-top: 10px;\">Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng va \u0111\u1eadp K_v?<\/dt>\n<dd>-20\u00b0C, v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u 27 J cho c\u1ea3 hai lo\u1ea1i, nh\u1eb1m ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c kh\u00ed h\u1eadu l\u1ea1nh.<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- Comments Section Placeholder (No JS) --><\/p>\n<div class=\"zhongjian\">\u00dd ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bv\u00e0 th\u1eafc m\u1eafc<\/div>\n<div id=\"messages\"><\/div>\n<form class=\"form-liuyan\" style=\"margin-top: 20px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\" action=\"\/vi\/GB3098.23.php\/\" enctype=\"multipart\/form-data\" method=\"post\" data-trp-original-action=\"\/GB3098.23.php\">\n<div id=\"form-title\" style=\"font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 10px;\">\u0110\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn:<\/div>\n<p><input name=\"page\" type=\"hidden\" value=\"GB3098.23.php\" \/><br \/>\n<input name=\"reply_to_name\" type=\"hidden\" value=\"\" \/><br \/>\n<input name=\"parent_id\" type=\"hidden\" value=\"0\" \/><br \/>\n<label style=\"display: block; 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}<br \/>\n        .name-email { flex-direction: column; }<br \/>\n        .input-group { margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 10px; }<br \/>\n    }<br \/>\n<\/style>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction to GB\/T 3098.23-2020 GB\/T 3098.23-2020 specifies the mechanical properties of fasteners, particularly bolts, screws, and studs with nominal thread diameters from M42 to M72. This standard is part of the broader GB\/T 3098 series, which addresses the performance requirements for high-strength fasteners used in demanding applications such as structural engineering, machinery assembly, and heavy [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[220],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5660","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-technical-documentation-and-references"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5660","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5660"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5660\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5661,"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5660\/revisions\/5661"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5660"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5660"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5660"}],"curies":[{"name":"trang web","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}