{"id":5652,"date":"2025-12-23T03:33:49","date_gmt":"2025-12-23T03:33:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/?p=5652"},"modified":"2025-12-23T03:34:25","modified_gmt":"2025-12-23T03:34:25","slug":"gb-t-3098-26-2021-fastener-properties-plain-washers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/blog\/gb-t-3098-26-2021-fastener-properties-plain-washers\/","title":{"rendered":"GB\/T 3098.26-2021: T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u1ed1c v\u00edt \u2013 V\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m ph\u1eb3ng"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Ph\u1ea1m vi<\/span><\/h2>\n
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Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m tr\u01a1n l\u00e0m t\u1eeb th\u00e9p cacbon ho\u1eb7c th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim, d\u00f9ng trong c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i bu l\u00f4ng v\u1edbi bu l\u00f4ng, v\u00edt, \u0111inh t\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111ai \u1ed1c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a trong GB\/T 3098.1 v\u00e0 GB\/T 3098.2. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb 10\u00b0C \u0111\u1ebfn 35\u00b0C.<\/p>\n

L\u01b0u \u00fd 1: C\u00e1c v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m tr\u01a1n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u1ed1c v\u00edt kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u1ed1c v\u00edt t\u1ef1 ren.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m tr\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u00e0\/ho\u1eb7c th\u1ea5p. L\u01b0u \u00fd 2: C\u00e1c v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m tr\u01a1n tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb -50\u00b0C \u0111\u1ebfn +150\u00b0C. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 -50\u00b0C \u0111\u1ebfn +150\u00b0C, l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn +300\u00b0C, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng n\u00ean tham kh\u1ea3o \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bchuy\u00ean gia c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan.<\/p>\n

T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m tr\u01a1n v\u00e0 v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m d\u00f9ng cho c\u00e1c c\u1ee5m l\u1eafp r\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb th\u00e9p cacbon ho\u1eb7c th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y t\u1eeb 0,2 mm \u0111\u1ebfn 12 mm, bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • V\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m tr\u01a1n (c\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hoa v\u0103n, g\u1edd ho\u1eb7c v\u00e1t c\u1ea1nh).<\/li>\n
  • V\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m vu\u00f4ng tr\u01a1n.<\/li>\n
  • V\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m tr\u01a1n c\u00f3 l\u1ed7 vu\u00f4ng.<\/li>\n
  • C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m tr\u01a1n c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi:<\/p>\n

      \n
    • Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n.<\/li>\n
    • Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00e0n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady trong c\u00e1c c\u1ee5m chi ti\u1ebft l\u1eafp gh\u00e9p. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u00eam c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng GB\/T \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n cho hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a chi ti\u1ebft l\u1eafp gh\u00e9p, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u01a1 kh\u00ed. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi cho ph\u00e9p m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn. C\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0 h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n b\u1ed5 sung v\u1ec1 \u0103n m\u00f2n. Nh\u00ecn chung, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m tr\u01a1n g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng rung trong c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i bu l\u00f4ng, ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba c\u00e1c h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng nh\u01b0 n\u1edbi l\u1ecfng ho\u1eb7c m\u1ecfi v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u. Vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb \u0103n m\u00f2n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00e0n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00edch h\u1ee3p, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n nh\u01b0 GB\/T 5267.3 v\u1ec1 m\u1ea1 k\u1ebdm nh\u00fang n\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y gi\u00fap l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t l\u1eafp r\u00e1p, gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng sai m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u thay th\u1ebf nh\u01b0 th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o th\u00e9p cacbon v\u00e0 th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim, c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00f4 t\u00f4, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

      <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

      \n

      Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h2>\n

      C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u sau \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n

        \n
      • d\u2081: \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh trong c\u1ee7a l\u1ed7 xuy\u00ean, t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng milim\u00e9t (mm).<\/li>\n
      • d\u2082: \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh ngo\u00e0i, t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng milim\u00e9t (mm).<\/li>\n
      • F: T\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng, t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng newton (N).<\/li>\n
      • G: \u0110\u1ed9 s\u00e2u t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp kh\u1eed cacbon, t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng milim\u00e9t (mm).<\/li>\n
      • r: B\u00e1n k\u00ednh ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac gi\u1eefa ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c, t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng milim\u00e9t (mm).<\/li>\n
      • t: \u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0y danh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m tr\u01a1n, t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng milim\u00e9t (mm).<\/li>\n
      • t_eff: \u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0y hi\u1ec7u d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m tr\u01a1n, t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng milim\u00e9t (mm).<\/li>\n
      • \u03b1: G\u00f3c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac gi\u1eefa ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c, t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9 (\u00b0).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a vi\u1ec7c giao ti\u1ebfp trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, d\u2081 v\u00e0 d\u2082 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1ec1 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi bu l\u00f4ng, ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ec7ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecfng h\u00f3c khi l\u1eafp r\u00e1p. T\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng F r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng, m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. \u0110\u1ed9 s\u00e2u kh\u1eed cacbon G li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, v\u00ec kh\u1eed cacbon qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m. B\u00e1n k\u00ednh r v\u00e0 g\u00f3c \u03b1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac. C\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y t v\u00e0 t_eff t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i. Trong th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t, trong \u0111\u00f3 v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m gi\u00fap ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i. Hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7. Ch\u00fang ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c. C\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh sai s\u00f3t trong c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n, c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y n\u00e2ng cao kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, cho ph\u00e9p tham kh\u1ea3o nhanh ch\u00f3ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ch\u00fang s\u1edbm, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp theo v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n

        <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

        \n

        H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/h2>\n

        Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u:<\/p>\n

          \n
        • Con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng Vickers t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u (xem B\u1ea3ng 3).<\/li>\n
        • C\u00e1c ch\u1eef c\u00e1i HV bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng Vickers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          V\u00ed d\u1ee5: M\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m th\u00e9p tr\u01a1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng Vickers t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 200, theo B\u1ea3ng 3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 200 HV.<\/p>\n

          N\u1ebfu tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 B\u1ea3ng 2 v\u00e0 3, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi b\u1ed9 bu l\u00f4ng, \u0111ai \u1ed1c v\u00e0 v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m. S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi bu l\u00f4ng, v\u00edt, \u0111inh t\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111ai \u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong B\u1ea3ng 1.<\/p>\n

          \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
          B\u1ea3ng 1: C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m tr\u01a1n v\u1edbi bu l\u00f4ng, v\u00edt, \u0111inh t\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111ai \u1ed1c theo c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t<\/caption>\n
          \u1ed0c v\u00edt c\u00f3 ren (theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n GB\/T 3098.1 v\u00e0 GB\/T 3098.2)<\/th>\nV\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m tr\u01a1n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
          100 HV<\/th>\n140 HV<\/th>\n200 HVM\u1ed9t<\/sup><\/th>\n300 HVM\u1ed9t<\/sup><\/th>\n380 HVb,c<\/sup><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
          Bu l\u00f4ng, \u1ed1c v\u00edt v\u00e0 \u0111inh t\u00e1n<\/th>\nC\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 h\u1ea1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao<\/th>\nH\u1ea1ng bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
          4.6, 4.8, 5.6, 5.8<\/td>\n5<\/td>\nRCe<\/sup><\/td>\ne<\/sup><\/td>\ne<\/sup><\/td>\ne<\/sup><\/td>\ne<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          6.8<\/td>\n6<\/td>\nd,e<\/sup><\/td>\nRCe<\/sup><\/td>\nRCe<\/sup><\/td>\ne<\/sup><\/td>\ne<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          8.8<\/td>\n8<\/td>\nf<\/sup><\/td>\nf<\/sup><\/td>\nRCe<\/sup><\/td>\ne<\/sup><\/td>\ne<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          9.8, 10.9<\/td>\n10<\/td>\nf<\/sup><\/td>\nf<\/sup><\/td>\nd,e<\/sup><\/td>\nRCe<\/sup><\/td>\ne<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          12.9<\/td>\n12<\/td>\nf<\/sup><\/td>\nf<\/sup><\/td>\nf<\/sup><\/td>\nd,e<\/sup><\/td>\nRCe<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

          RC: S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb.
          \nM\u1ed9t<\/sup> C\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p 200 HV v\u00e0 300 HV \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cho c\u1ee5m bu l\u00f4ng v\u00e0 v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m, theo GB\/T 9074.1 v\u00e0 GB\/T 97.4.
          \nb<\/sup> \u0110i\u1ec7n \u00e1p 380 V hi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m; vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua.
          \nc<\/sup> \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p 380 HV, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i bu l\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng u\u1ed1n cong v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t k\u00e9o trong v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 r\u00e3nh ho\u1eb7c l\u1ed7 ch\u00ecm.
          \nd<\/sup> C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng ch\u00fa th\u00edch d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u1ebfu thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c minh.
          \ne<\/sup> C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebb \u0111\u1eadm b\u1eadc thang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i b\u1eb1ng bu l\u00f4ng.
          \nf<\/sup> Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p n\u1eb1m b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebb \u0111\u1eadm (v\u00f9ng m\u00e0u x\u00e1m).<\/p>\n

          \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u1ed1c v\u00edt t\u1ea1o ren v\u00e0 \u1ed1c v\u00edt d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u m\u1ec1m (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: nh\u1ef1a, g\u1ed7), vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

          H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng truy xu\u1ea5t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch trong c\u00e1c c\u1ee5m l\u1eafp r\u00e1p, \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t, n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a bu l\u00f4ng, tr\u00e1nh t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu ho\u1eb7c th\u1eeba th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. C\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb trong B\u1ea3ng 1 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1ee3t ren ho\u1eb7c n\u1ee9t. Trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng cao, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u1ea7u, c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p cao h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 380 HV cung c\u1ea5p kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecbu v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i nh\u01b0ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u r\u1ee7i ro gi\u00f2n hydro (xem GB\/Z 41117). T\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng t\u00f9y ch\u1ec9nh. Nh\u00ecn chung, n\u00f3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a, gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u sai s\u00f3t trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh mua s\u1eafm v\u00e0 l\u1eafp r\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

          <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

          \n

          Nguy\u00ean v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n

          B\u1ea3ng 2 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p cacbon v\u00e0 th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m tr\u01a1n thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan.<\/p>\n

          Ghi ch\u00fa:<\/strong> Th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim bao g\u1ed3m th\u00e9p l\u00f2 xo v\u00e0 th\u00e9p l\u00f2 xo h\u1ee3p kim th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m ph\u1eb3ng.<\/p>\n

          \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m c\u1ea7n m\u1ea1 k\u1ebdm nh\u00fang n\u00f3ng, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n GB\/T 5267.3. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c c\u1ee5m chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4i v\u00e0 ram to\u00e0n b\u1ed9, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m ch\u01b0a qua x\u1eed l\u00fd; trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n GB\/T 9074.1 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

          \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ee5m v\u00edt t\u1ef1 ren \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4i c\u1ee9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n GB\/T 97.5, h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cacbon trong v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 0,12%. M\u1ed7i l\u00f4 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ebb n\u1ea5u.<\/p>\n

          \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
          B\u1ea3ng 2: V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u<\/caption>\n
          H\u1ea1ng bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n<\/th>\nV\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh<\/th>\nGi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc (Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u00fac)a, b, c<\/sup> %<\/th>\nNhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3ub,c<\/sup> \u00b0C<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
          V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u<\/th>\nQu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh<\/th>\nC<\/th>\nP<\/th>\nS<\/th>\nBd<\/sup><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
          ph\u00fat<\/th>\nt\u1ed1i \u0111a<\/th>\nt\u1ed1i \u0111a<\/th>\nt\u1ed1i \u0111a<\/th>\nt\u1ed1i \u0111a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
          100 HV<\/td>\nTh\u00e9p cacbon<\/td>\nC\u00e1n n\u00f3ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1n ngu\u1ed9i<\/td>\nL\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u theo nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a B\u1ea3ng 3.<\/td>\nNA<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          140 HV<\/td>\nTh\u00e9p cacbon<\/td>\nC\u00e1n n\u00f3ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1n ngu\u1ed9i<\/td>\nL\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u theo nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a B\u1ea3ng 3.<\/td>\nNA<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          200 HVe<\/sup><\/td>\nTh\u00e9p cacbon<\/td>\nC\u00e1n n\u00f3ng, c\u00e1n ngu\u1ed9i, ho\u1eb7c t\u00f4i v\u00e0 ram<\/td>\nL\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u theo nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a B\u1ea3ng 3.<\/td>\nNA<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          300 HVf<\/sup><\/td>\nTh\u00e9p cacbong<\/sup><\/td>\nT\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u1ee9ng<\/td>\n0.17<\/td>\n0.80<\/td>\n0.035<\/td>\n0.035<\/td>\n0.003<\/td>\n425<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          Th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kimh<\/sup><\/td>\nT\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u1ee9ng<\/td>\n0.14<\/td>\n1.3<\/td>\n0.035<\/td>\n0.035<\/td>\n0.003<\/td>\n425<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          380 HVf,i<\/sup><\/td>\nTh\u00e9p cacbong<\/sup><\/td>\nT\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u1ee9ng<\/td>\n0.4<\/td>\n0.8<\/td>\n0.035<\/td>\n0.035<\/td>\n0.003<\/td>\n425<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          Th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kimh<\/sup><\/td>\nT\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u1ee9ng<\/td>\n0.2<\/td>\n1.3<\/td>\n0.035<\/td>\n0.035<\/td>\n0.003<\/td>\n380<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

          NA: Kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng.
          \nM\u1ed9t<\/sup> Trong c\u00e1c tranh ch\u1ea5p, h\u00e3y ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m.
          \nb<\/sup> \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m l\u1eafp r\u00e1p, xem GB\/T 9074.1 ho\u1eb7c GB\/T 97.4; th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n theo th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn.
          \nc<\/sup> \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: m\u1ea1 k\u1ebdm nh\u00fang n\u00f3ng), th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn.
          \nd<\/sup> H\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng boron t\u1ed1i \u0111a l\u00e0 0,003%, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 0,005% n\u1ebfu boron kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1edfi titan\/nh\u00f4m.
          \ne<\/sup> C\u00e1c m\u00e1y gi\u1eb7t 200 HV c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4i v\u00e0 ram sau khi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t; quy tr\u00ecnh do nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng B\u1ea3ng 3.
          \nf<\/sup> V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00f4i c\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh mactenxit ~90% \u1edf l\u00f5i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ram.
          \ng<\/sup> Th\u00e9p cacbon c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a crom, mangan, niken, v.v.
          \nh<\/sup> Th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim ch\u1ee9a \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1: Cr 0,30%, Mn 0,20%, Ni 0,30%, V 0,10%, Mo 0,08%, B 0,0008%. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p, t\u1ed5ng c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 70%.
          \nT\u00f4i<\/sup> \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00f2n do hydro, xem GB\/Z 41117.<\/p>\n

          C\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. H\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cacbon gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n, trong khi h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ed1t pho v\u00e0 l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh th\u1ea5p gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00f2n. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u1ee3p kim t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00f4i c\u1ee9ng cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u00e9p cao c\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00f4i c\u1ee9ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c, gi\u1ea3m nguy c\u01a1 n\u1ee9t. Ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn th\u00e9p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 \u00f4 t\u00f4, n\u01a1i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng rung l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t. Vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi m\u1ea1 k\u1ebdm, tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 bong tr\u00f3c l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7.<\/p>\n

          <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

          \n

          T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/h2>\n

          C\u00e1c v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd trong B\u1ea3ng 3 \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hay ki\u1ec3m tra cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n

          Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c minh s\u1ef1 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 B\u1ea3ng 3. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m lo\u1ea1i 380 HV, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo theo Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c A khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

          \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
          B\u1ea3ng 3: T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/caption>\n
          T\u00e0i s\u1ea3n<\/th>\n100 HV<\/th>\n140 HV<\/th>\n200 HV<\/th>\n300 HV<\/th>\n380 HVM\u1ed9t<\/sup><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
          \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng Vickers HV<\/td>\nph\u00fat<\/td>\n100<\/td>\n140<\/td>\n200<\/td>\n300<\/td>\n380<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          t\u1ed1i \u0111a<\/td>\n200b<\/sup><\/td>\n250<\/td>\n300<\/td>\n370<\/td>\n450<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng Rockwell (HRC)<\/td>\nph\u00fat<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n30<\/td>\n39<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          t\u1ed1i \u0111a<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n39<\/td>\n45<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          Kh\u1eed cacbon m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n HV0.3<\/td>\nt\u1ed1i \u0111a<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\nc<\/sup><\/td>\n30d<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          T\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u kh\u1eed cacbon G<\/td>\nt\u1ed1i \u0111a<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\nc<\/sup><\/td>\nt_eff 2% ho\u1eb7c 0,02 mme<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          T\u00f4i cacbon HV0.3<\/td>\nt\u1ed1i \u0111a<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\nc<\/sup><\/td>\n30f<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          Gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng sau khi t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i HV10<\/td>\nt\u1ed1i \u0111a<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n20<\/td>\n20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

          M\u1ed9t<\/sup> \u0110i\u1ec7n \u00e1p 380 V kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh; ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khi c\u00f3 th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn.
          \nb<\/sup> V\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i \u0111a 250 HV kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i.
          \nc<\/sup> \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m c\u00f3 kh\u00eda ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 g\u1edd, gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p 380 HV.
          \nd<\/sup> \u0110o theo m\u1ee5c 6.2.3 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft ngang; \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ee1 0,1 mm \u2265 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng t\u00e2m \u2013 30 HV.
          \ne<\/sup> Ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1i n\u00e0o nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n.
          \nf<\/sup> \u0110o theo m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft ngang 6,3; \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ee1 0,1 mm \u2264 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng t\u00e2m + 30 HV.<\/p>\n

          Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng n\u00e9n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng ho\u1eb7c h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng. Ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo, ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba n\u1ee9t v\u1ee1. Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u1eed cacbon v\u00e0 cacbon h\u00f3a duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n trong v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7. Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i x\u00e1c minh t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t. Trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong m\u00e1y m\u00f3c n\u01a1i rung \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ecfng c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i. Ki\u1ec3m tra tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 theo Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

          <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

          \n

          Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m<\/h2>\n

          Ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng<\/h3>\n

          T\u1ed5ng quan<\/h4>\n

          Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch x\u00e1c minh s\u1ef1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u\/t\u1ed1i \u0111a trong B\u1ea3ng 3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4i v\u00e0 ram. \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ban \u0111\u1ea7u, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd sau khi l\u1eafp r\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

          Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ho\u1eb7c m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p theo B\u1ea3ng 4.<\/p>\n

          \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
          B\u1ea3ng 4: C\u00e1c ph\u00e9p th\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng<\/caption>\n
          H\u1ea1ng bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n<\/th>\nKi\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3<\/th>\nKi\u1ec3m tra tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
          100 HV<\/td>\nB\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 theo m\u1ee5c 6.1.2<\/td>\nB\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 theo m\u1ee5c 6.1.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          140 HV<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          200 HVM\u1ed9t<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          300 HV<\/td>\nM\u1eb7t c\u1eaft ngang theo m\u1ee5c 6.1.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          380 HV<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

          M\u1ed9t<\/sup> \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u00e9p t\u00f4i v\u00e0 ram nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 200 HV theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft ngang s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft tranh ch\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng qua tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

          \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng Vickers tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t<\/h4>\n

          Ch\u1ecdn t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y theo H\u00ecnh 1. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thang \u0111o Rockwell n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thang \u0111o Vickers ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n

          V\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m 300 HV d\u00e0y 0,3 mm, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng HV5.<\/p>\n

          \u00a0\u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng Rockwell tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t<\/h4>\n

          Ch\u1ecdn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng theo H\u00ecnh 2 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thang \u0111o Vickers n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thang \u0111o Rockwell ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n

          V\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m 380 HV d\u00e0y 0,5 mm, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1ef1c si\u1ebft 294 N (HR30N).<\/p>\n

          Quy tr\u00ecnh th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m<\/h4>\n

          Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7\/oxit, ki\u1ec3m tra \u1edf b\u00e1n k\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ee1. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u m\u1ea1 k\u1ebdm, lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf l\u1edbp chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp. L\u1ea5y trung b\u00ecnh ba l\u1ea7n \u0111o \u1edf g\u00f3c 120\u00b0 n\u1ebfu k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc cho ph\u00e9p.<\/p>\n

          Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p 100 HV, 140 HV, 200 HV<\/h4>\n

          Quy tr\u00ecnh: Theo m\u1ee5c 6.1.2, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng B\u1ea3ng 3. Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i: Vickers theo H\u00ecnh 1; \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t_eff > 0,5 mm, t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n \u2265 HV1.<\/p>\n

          Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p 300 HV, 380 HV<\/h4>\n

          Quy tr\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ec7: Theo m\u1ee5c 6.1.2, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng B\u1ea3ng 3. Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i: M\u1eb7t c\u1eaft ngang theo m\u1ee5c 6.1.3.<\/p>\n

          Ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft ngang xuy\u00ean t\u00e2m<\/h4>\n

          T\u1ed5ng quan<\/h5>\n

          Theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n GB\/T 4340.1, \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng Vickers d\u00f9ng cho v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f4i v\u00e0 ram.<\/p>\n

          Th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c<\/h5>\n

          L\u1ea5y m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft xuy\u00ean t\u00e2m qua t\u00e2m l\u1ed7, nh\u00fang\/g\u1eafn m\u1eabu, m\u00e0i\/\u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kim lo\u1ea1i. Ki\u1ec3m tra \u1edf m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft gi\u1eefa theo H\u00ecnh 3; l\u1ea5y trung b\u00ecnh \u00edt nh\u1ea5t ba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

          1: Khu v\u1ef1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m (b\u00e1n k\u00ednh 0,25 t_eff).<\/p>\n

          Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/h5>\n

          Xem B\u1ea3ng 3. N\u1ebfu ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch > 30 HV trong b\u00e1n k\u00ednh 0,25 t_eff, h\u00e3y ki\u1ec3m tra mactenxit ~90% theo B\u1ea3ng 2.<\/p>\n

          Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u1eed cacbon<\/h3>\n

          T\u1ed5ng quan<\/h4>\n

          Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1eed cacbon b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m c\u00f3 kh\u00eda\/g\u1edd 300 HV v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m 380 HV. Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong H\u00ecnh 4.<\/p>\n

          1: B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ee1; 2: L\u1edbp kh\u1eed cacbon to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n; 3: L\u1edbp kh\u1eed cacbon m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n; 4: Kim lo\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n; x: Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u00f9ng th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n

          Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p luy\u1ec7n kim<\/h4>\n

          Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb m\u1eabu<\/h5>\n

          Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7, l\u1ea5y m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft xuy\u00ean t\u00e2m, nh\u00fang\/g\u1eafn, m\u00e0i\/\u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng. L\u01b0u \u00fd: Kh\u1eafc b\u1eb1ng nital 3% \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ed9 c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

          Th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c<\/h5>\n

          Quan s\u00e1t \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i 100x; \u0111o b\u1eb1ng th\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c th\u1ecb k\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

          Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/h5>\n

          Max G m\u1ed7i B\u1ea3ng 3.<\/p>\n

          Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng<\/h4>\n

          Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb m\u1eabu<\/h5>\n

          \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t \u2265 0,4 mm; chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb theo m\u1ee5c 6.2.2.1 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n kh\u1eafc axit.<\/p>\n

          Th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c<\/h5>\n

          \u0110o \u0111i\u1ec3m 1 v\u00e0 2 theo H\u00ecnh 5 v\u1edbi HV0.3 (2,942 N).<\/p>\n

          Kh\u00f4ng kh\u1eed cacbon: HV(2) > HV(1) \u2013 30 HV; Kh\u00f4ng cacbon: HV(2) \u2264 HV(1) + 30 HV. 1: T\u00e2m; 2: 0,1 mm t\u1eeb b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n

          Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/h5>\n

          HV(2) \u2265 HV(1) \u2013 30 HV. L\u01b0u \u00fd: Kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho G t\u1ed1i \u0111a theo B\u1ea3ng 3.<\/p>\n

          Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m cacbon h\u00f3a<\/h3>\n

          T\u1ed5ng quan<\/h4>\n

          Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cacbon h\u00f3a b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m c\u00f3 kh\u00eda\/g\u00e2n 300 HV v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m 380 HV, t \u2265 0,4 mm. \u0110o \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft ngang h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

          Th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c<\/h4>\n

          Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb theo m\u1ee5c 6.2.2.1 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n kh\u1eafc; \u0111o theo H\u00ecnh 5 v\u1edbi HV0.3.<\/p>\n

          Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/h4>\n

          HV(2) \u2264 HV(1) + 30 HV. V\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 cacbon h\u00f3a. Ngo\u00e0i ra, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u2264 370 HV0.3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi 300 HV, \u2264 450 HV0.3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi 380 HV theo B\u1ea3ng 3.<\/p>\n

          Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i<\/p>\n

          T\u1ed5ng quan<\/h4>\n

          Ki\u1ec3m tra nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f4i t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m 300 HV v\u00e0 380 HV.<\/p>\n

          Th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c<\/h4>\n

          \u0110o \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng Vickers \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c H\u00ecnh 3 (ba \u0111i\u1ec3m). T\u00f4i l\u1ea1i \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n 10\u00b0C so v\u1edbi B\u1ea3ng 2 trong 30 ph\u00fat, gi\u1eef trong 30 ph\u00fat; \u0111o l\u1ea1i \u1edf c\u00f9ng khu v\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

          Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/h4>\n

          \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng trung b\u00ecnh < 20 HV sau khi t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

          C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a, r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady. C\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, trong khi ki\u1ec3m tra kh\u1eed cacbon\/cacbon h\u00f3a ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t. T\u00f4i l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec7t gi\u00fap x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t, tr\u00e1nh hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00f2n. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

          <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

          \n

          \u0110\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u<\/h2>\n

          T\u1ed5ng quan<\/h3>\n

          C\u00e1c v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t theo t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u theo Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3 n\u1ebfu ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

          \u0110\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m<\/h3>\n

          Theo quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u1eb7c th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t; n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn, h\u00e3y bao g\u1ed3m m\u00e3 s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e3 s\u1ed1 ri\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc n\u1ed5i; kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean kh\u1eafc ch\u00ecm do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c k\u1eb9p ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng nh\u01b0 kh\u1eafc laser. \u0110\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u c\u1ea5p hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng theo m\u00e3 B\u1ea3ng 5 ho\u1eb7c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3.<\/p>\n

          \u0110\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u bao b\u00ec<\/h3>\n

          T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c g\u00f3i h\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e1n nh\u00e3n ghi r\u00f5 m\u00e3 s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t\/ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n, lo\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t theo Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3 v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u00f4 theo GB\/T 3099.4.<\/p>\n

          Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng truy xu\u1ea5t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ph\u00e1p l\u00fd. N\u00f3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n h\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 thu h\u1ed3i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. Trong chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u00e0ng t\u1ed3n kho v\u00e0 x\u00e1c minh s\u1ef1 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7.<\/p>\n

          <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

          \n

          Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c A: Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo cho v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m lo\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t 380 HV<\/h2>\n

          A.1 T\u1ed5ng quan<\/h3>\n

          X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh xem v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m c\u00f3 b\u1ecb gi\u00f2n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hay kh\u00f4ng. \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, cho c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7.<\/p>\n

          A.2 Quy tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m tra<\/h3>\n

          S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u \u1ea5n v\u1edbi g\u00f3c \u03b1 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y; \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u 60 HRC, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0i nh\u1eb5n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e2m, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00ecnh n\u00f3n nh\u01b0 trong H\u00ecnh A.1. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef V nh\u01b0 trong H\u00ecnh A.2. \u0110\u1eb7t v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m v\u00e0o thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb; th\u00e1o r\u1eddi c\u00e1c c\u1ee5m l\u1eafp r\u00e1p tr\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u0103n ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c. \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng d\u1ecdc tr\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n; gi\u1eef trong 2 ph\u00fat, sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecf t\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n

          A.3 Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/h3>\n

          Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t. N\u1ebfu b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng, h\u00e3y c\u1eaft \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t; s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh hai ph\u1ea7n cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 h\u1ecfng h\u00f3c.<\/p>\n

          Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c n\u00e0y x\u00e1c minh \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng cao, ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00f2n d\u1ec5 g\u00e3y trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi an to\u00e0n cao, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb v\u1ee1 d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

          <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

          \n

          C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p<\/h2>\n
            \n
          1. Theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y, ph\u1ea1m vi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m tr\u01a1n?<\/strong> Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb l\u00e0 t\u1eeb -50\u00b0C \u0111\u1ebfn +150\u00b0C. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn +300\u00b0C, h\u00e3y tham kh\u1ea3o \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bchuy\u00ean gia \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1eef nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m.<\/li>\n
          2. T\u00f4i n\u00ean ch\u1ecdn lo\u1ea1i bu l\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong> Tham kh\u1ea3o B\u1ea3ng 1 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb (RC). Tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng x\u00e1m \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecfng m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i; x\u00e1c minh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u1ebfu s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa th\u00edch \u1edf m\u1ee5c d.<\/li>\n
          3. N\u1ebfu m\u00e1y gi\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i c\u1ea7n m\u1ea1 k\u1ebdm nh\u00fang n\u00f3ng th\u00ec sao?<\/strong> V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n GB\/T 5267.3. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t.<\/li>\n
          4. T\u1ea1i sao vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra kh\u1eed cacbon l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng xe hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao?<\/strong> Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u1eed cacbon qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, l\u00e0m t\u0103ng nguy c\u01a1 h\u1ecfng h\u00f3c khi ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i. C\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n theo B\u1ea3ng 3, duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00e1y gi\u1eb7t 380 HV.<\/li>\n
          5. T\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y gi\u1eb7t 380 V m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng?<\/strong> Kh\u00f4ng, v\u00ec ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 quy tr\u00ecnh, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc v\u1ec1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh u\u1ed1n cong ho\u1eb7c \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t k\u00e9o.<\/li>\n
          6. Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec7t x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong> N\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m tra xem \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng sau khi t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n b\u1ed5 sung c\u00f3 \u226420 HV hay kh\u00f4ng, x\u00e1c minh r\u1eb1ng quy tr\u00ecnh ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u theo B\u1ea3ng 2, ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00f2n.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            Scope This standard specifies the mechanical and physical properties of plain washers made from carbon steel or alloy steel, intended for use in bolted connections with bolts, screws, studs, and nuts conforming to performance classes defined in GB\/T 3098.1 and GB\/T 3098.2. These properties are tested under ambient temperatures ranging from 10\u00b0C to 35\u00b0C. Note […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[220],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5652","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-technical-documentation-and-references"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5652","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5652"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5652\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5654,"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5652\/revisions\/5654"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5652"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5652"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5652"}],"curies":[{"name":"trang web","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}