{"id":5638,"date":"2025-12-23T02:44:44","date_gmt":"2025-12-23T02:44:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/?p=5638"},"modified":"2025-12-23T02:44:44","modified_gmt":"2025-12-23T02:44:44","slug":"gb-t-5779-2-2000-fastener-surface-defects-nuts","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/blog\/gb-t-5779-2-2000-fastener-surface-defects-nuts\/","title":{"rendered":"Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n GB\/T 5779.2-2000 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a chi ti\u1ebft l\u1eafp gh\u00e9p \u2013 \u0110ai \u1ed1c"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n GB\/T 5779.2-2000<\/span><\/div>\n
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Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n GB\/T 5779.2-2000 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a \u0111ai \u1ed1c trong c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft l\u1eafp gh\u00e9p, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n cho ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t trong c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft l\u1eafp gh\u00e9p c\u01a1 kh\u00ed, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 \u00f4 t\u00f4, h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c. N\u00f3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111ai \u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u kim lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 th\u00e9p, v\u00e0 n\u00eau r\u00f5 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba c\u00e1c h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng do c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean \u0111ai \u1ed1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 r\u00e8n, x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 thanh tra vi\u00ean x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y, nguy c\u01a1 lan truy\u1ec1n v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t, gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i ho\u1eb7c h\u1ecfng h\u00f3c s\u1edbm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 chi ti\u1ebft, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh minh h\u1ecda (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ch\u1ec9 mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t minh h\u1ecda trong v\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y), v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a \u0111ai \u1ed1c nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh ren danh ngh\u0129a (D), b\u01b0\u1edbc ren (P) v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u cao ren th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf (H).1<\/sub> = 0,541P).<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh quan tr\u1ecdng bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t, th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt cho ph\u00e9p nh\u01b0 n\u1ebfp g\u1ea5p ho\u1eb7c v\u1ebft d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y tham chi\u1ebfu ch\u00e9o c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u GB\/T kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 GB\/T 90 v\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, GB\/T 3098.12 v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 GB\/T 3098.14 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m. N\u00f3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c minh s\u1ef1 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111ai \u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 m\u00f4-men xo\u1eafn, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n k\u00e9o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t \u1edf m\u1ed7i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n\u2014t\u1eeb kh\u00e2u l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e2u l\u1eafp r\u00e1p cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ee9t v\u1ee1 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh r\u00e8n. C\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh n\u1ee9t do t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n g\u00e2y ra b\u1edfi \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7t. C\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt nh\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng trong khi lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n

Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, v\u00ec n\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ISO t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111ai \u1ed1c chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 kh\u00f3a ho\u1eb7c lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, s\u1ebd \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng th\u00eam c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed kh\u00e1c. Nh\u00ecn chung, GB\/T 5779.2-2000 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u1ed1c v\u00edt, gi\u1ea3m th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, c\u00e1c thanh tra vi\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 m\u1eabu tham chi\u1ebfu. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ecf gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i v\u00e0 n\u1ebfp g\u1ea5p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kinh t\u1ebf, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh ph\u1ebf ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u01b0u ti\u00ean an to\u00e0n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111ai \u1ed1c trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng cao, c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua.<\/p>\n

H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n v\u00e0 khu\u00f4n d\u1eadp, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. B\u1ea3o tr\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb r\u00e8n gi\u00fap ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ee9t v\u1ee1 v\u00e0 g\u00e3y v\u1ee1. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n x\u1eed l\u00fd sau nh\u01b0 ph\u1ee7 l\u1edbp b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 che gi\u1ea5u khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, v\u00ec v\u1eady vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111ai \u1ed1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh, rung \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0103n m\u00f2n.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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C\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t: C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n, h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/h2>\n

Ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y chi ti\u1ebft c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u00ean \u0111ai \u1ed1c theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n GB\/T 5779.2-2000, bao g\u1ed3m ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng cho ph\u00e9p. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n l\u1eafp gh\u00e9p. C\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng g\u00e2y ra h\u1ecfng h\u00f3c, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u0111ai \u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

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1.1 C\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t<\/h3>\n

V\u1ebft n\u1ee9t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft g\u00e3y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng d\u1ecdc theo ranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1t kim lo\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c c\u1eaft ngang qua c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh do \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t cao trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh r\u00e8n, t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh, x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c do \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n trong nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4. Khi nung n\u00f3ng l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0u do l\u1edbp oxit b\u1ecb bong tr\u00f3c.<\/p>\n

1.1.1 V\u1ebft n\u1ee9t do t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n<\/h4>\n

C\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t do t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t sinh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t do \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng nhi\u1ec7t qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c. Ch\u00fang xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u, giao nhau m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a chi ti\u1ebft l\u1eafp gh\u00e9p.<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n
G\u00e2y ra<\/td>\nTrong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t, \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng nhi\u1ec7t qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t do t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng giao nhau kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u, kh\u00f4ng theo h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a chi ti\u1ebft l\u1eafp gh\u00e9p.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/td>\nKh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p c\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t do qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u, chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i ho\u1eb7c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00e0o.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

C\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t do t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nguy hi\u1ec3m v\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lan r\u1ed9ng d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba bao g\u1ed3m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn h\u1ee3p kim ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m tra, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 nghi ng\u1edd n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c, v\u00ec ch\u00fang l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n k\u00e9o v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng m\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a \u0111ai \u1ed1c. Lo\u1ea1i v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p \u1edf th\u00e9p cacbon cao, n\u01a1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i mactenxit g\u00e2y ra \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

1.1.2 C\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t do r\u00e8n v\u00e0 v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t do t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t<\/h4>\n

C\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t do r\u00e8n x\u1ea3y ra trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1eaft ho\u1eb7c r\u00e8n, n\u1eb1m \u1edf m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean ho\u1eb7c m\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m giao nhau v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t b\u00ean. C\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t do t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t phi kim lo\u1ea1i trong nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4.<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n
G\u00e2y ra<\/td>\nC\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t do r\u00e8n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1eaft ho\u1eb7c r\u00e8n v\u00e0 n\u1eb1m \u1edf m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean ho\u1eb7c m\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0111ai \u1ed1c, ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m giao nhau gi\u1eefa m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean (m\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi) v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t b\u00ean. C\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t do t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t phi kim lo\u1ea1i v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 trong nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/td>\nC\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u1ed5 tr\u1ee5c ho\u1eb7c m\u1eb7t \u0111\u00e1y v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n sau: a) Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 hai v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t do r\u00e8n xuy\u00ean qua b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u1ed5 tr\u1ee5c, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 0,05D; b) C\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t k\u00e9o d\u00e0i v\u00e0o l\u1ed7 ren kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 ren ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean; c) \u0110\u1ed9 s\u00e2u v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t tr\u00ean ren ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 0,5H1<\/sub>. D \u2013 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh ren danh ngh\u0129a; H1<\/sub> \u2013 Chi\u1ec1u cao ren th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, H1<\/sub> = 0,541P; P \u2013 Cao \u0111\u1ed9.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

Nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 \u0103n kh\u1edbp ren, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1eef m\u00f4-men xo\u1eafn. \u200b\u200bCh\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t. Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u1ed5 tr\u1ee5c r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

1.1.3 C\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t trong b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00f3a c\u1ee7a \u0111ai \u1ed1c ki\u1ec3u momen xo\u1eafn ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng kim lo\u1ea1i<\/h4>\n

Nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u1eadp, r\u00e8n ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m ph\u1eb3ng, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ho\u1eb7c b\u00ean trong.<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n
G\u00e2y ra<\/td>\nC\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t \u1edf ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f3a c\u1ee7a \u0111ai \u1ed1c ki\u1ec3u momen xo\u1eafn to\u00e0n kim lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u1eadp, r\u00e8n ho\u1eb7c \u00e9p (l\u00e0m ph\u1eb3ng), tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ho\u1eb7c b\u00ean trong.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/td>\nC\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t do qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh r\u00e8n \u1edf ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f3a ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 kh\u00ed v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng, v\u00e0: a) Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 hai v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t xuy\u00ean qua chu vi tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 0,05D; b) C\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t k\u00e9o d\u00e0i v\u00e0o l\u1ed7 ren kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 ren ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean; c) \u0110\u1ed9 s\u00e2u v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t tr\u00ean ren ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 0,5H1<\/sub>Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p c\u00f3 v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t do qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3ng (l\u00e0m ph\u1eb3ng). D \u2013 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh ren danh ngh\u0129a; H1<\/sub> = 0,541P; P \u2013 Cao \u0111\u1ed9.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

\u0110ai \u1ed1c kh\u00f3a c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00ec c\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 kh\u00f3a. T\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a quy tr\u00ecnh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

1.1.4 C\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t tr\u00ean v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m gi\u1eef c\u1ee7a \u0111ai \u1ed1c c\u00f3 v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/h4>\n

C\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t \u1edf v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m gi\u1eef v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m x\u1ea3y ra trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eafp r\u00e1p khi c\u00f3 \u00e1p l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u1ea1nh ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea7n nh\u00f4 ra, g\u00e2y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1ch kim lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n
G\u00e2y ra<\/td>\nTrong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eafp r\u00e1p v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m, \u00e1p l\u1ef1c l\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u1ea1nh ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea7n nh\u00f4 ra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t \u1edf b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn gi\u1eef.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/td>\nC\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng gi\u1eef ph\u1ea3i n\u1eb1m g\u1ecdn trong m\u00e9p t\u00e1n \u0111inh ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea7n nh\u00f4 ra sau khi u\u1ed1n m\u1eb7t b\u00edch, v\u00e0 v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m ph\u1ea3i quay t\u1ef1 do m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng; c\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lan r\u1ed9ng ra ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a c\u1ee5m l\u1eafp r\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

1.2 S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 do l\u1ef1c c\u1eaft<\/h3>\n

C\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t do l\u1ef1c c\u1eaft l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng khe h\u1edf tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kim lo\u1ea1i, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf g\u00f3c kho\u1ea3ng 45\u00b0 so v\u1edbi tr\u1ee5c \u0111ai \u1ed1c, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh r\u00e8n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ngo\u00e0i ho\u1eb7c chu vi m\u1eb7t b\u00edch.<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n
G\u00e2y ra<\/td>\nC\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t do l\u1ef1c c\u1eaft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh r\u00e8n, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a \u0111ai \u1ed1c ho\u1eb7c tr\u00ean chu vi m\u1eb7t b\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111ai \u1ed1c c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t b\u00edch. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u00fang n\u1eb1m \u1edf g\u00f3c kho\u1ea3ng 45\u00b0 so v\u1edbi tr\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u0111ai \u1ed1c.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/td>\nC\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t do l\u1ef1c c\u1eaft tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1eb7t ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111ai \u1ed1c l\u1ee5c gi\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c chu vi tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111ai \u1ed1c c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t b\u00edch. C\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t ch\u00e9o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e9o xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c giao \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean\/d\u01b0\u1edbi v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t b\u00ean, chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng \u2264 (0,25 + 0,02s) mm. Tr\u00ean chu vi c\u1ee7a \u0111ai \u1ed1c c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t b\u00edch, kh\u00f4ng lan v\u00e0o dw t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u, chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng \u2264 0,08dc; s \u2013 Chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng; dc \u2013 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh m\u1eb7t b\u00edch.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ee9t v\u1ee1 do l\u1ef1c c\u1eaft x\u1ea3y ra do c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u trong khu\u00f4n. C\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u. Trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 rung cao, ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t nh\u1ecf c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ecfi v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u. Bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba bao g\u1ed3m thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf khu\u00f4n t\u1ed1i \u01b0u v\u00e0 l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u. Vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1eb1ng x\u00fac gi\u00e1c c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c khe h\u1edf nh\u1ecf. Khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt n\u00e0y ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n \u1edf c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111ai \u1ed1c l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, n\u01a1i l\u1ef1c r\u00e8n cao h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho ph\u00e9p dung sai s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t trong khi v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111ai \u1ed1c c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t b\u00edch, t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t b\u00edch l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\n

1.3 C\u01a1n b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t<\/h3>\n

C\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7 h\u1edf tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t do l\u1ed7i nguy\u00ean v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh r\u00e8n, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ngo\u00e0i ho\u1eb7c m\u00e9p m\u1eb7t b\u00edch.<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n
G\u00e2y ra<\/td>\nHi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ee9t v\u1ee1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh r\u00e8n do c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t trong nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ngo\u00e0i ho\u1eb7c chu vi m\u1eb7t b\u00edch.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/td>\nN\u1ebfu c\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ebft v\u1ee1, v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn chu vi tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng (2-4), nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c v\u1ebft v\u1ee1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p. C\u00e1c v\u1ebft v\u1ee1 ch\u00e9o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e9o xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m giao nhau, chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng \u2264 (0,25 + 0,02s) mm. Tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t b\u00edch \u0111ai \u1ed1c c\u00f3 g\u1edd, kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i v\u00e0o dw t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u, chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng \u2264 0,08dc; s \u2013 Chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng; dc \u2013 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh m\u1eb7t b\u00edch.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

C\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t v\u1ee1 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t v\u1ee1 do l\u1ef1c c\u1eaft v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u. Vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p si\u00eau \u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t v\u1ee1 do l\u1ef1c c\u1eaft nh\u01b0ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

1.4 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng may<\/h3>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t theo chi\u1ec1u d\u1ecdc do c\u00e1c khe h\u1edf h\u1eb9p trong c\u00e1c n\u1ebfp g\u1ea5p v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1ed1c v\u00edt.<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n
G\u00e2y ra<\/td>\nC\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 trong nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1ed1c v\u00edt.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/td>\n\u0110\u1ed9 s\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 0,05D \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ee1 ren. D \u2013 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh ren danh ngh\u0129a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

C\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1eadp trung \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t; gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

1,5 l\u1ea7n g\u1ea5p<\/h3>\n

C\u00e1c n\u1ebfp g\u1ea5p l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed3ng ch\u00e9o kim lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111ai \u1ed1c trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh r\u00e8n, th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean\/d\u01b0\u1edbi do s\u1ef1 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n
G\u00e2y ra<\/td>\nTrong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh r\u00e8n \u0111ai \u1ed1c, s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh (ti\u1ebft di\u1ec7n), ho\u1eb7c tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean ho\u1eb7c m\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi, x\u1ea3y ra do s\u1ef1 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/td>\nC\u00e1c n\u1ebfp g\u1ea5p t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m giao nhau gi\u1eefa chu vi m\u1eb7t b\u00edch v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac c\u1ee7a \u0111ai \u1ed1c c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t b\u00edch kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1eb7t ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac. C\u00e1c n\u1ebfp g\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ph\u00e9p.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

C\u00e1c n\u1ebfp g\u1ea5p th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00f4 h\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb khi ch\u00fang n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c. Vi\u1ec7c b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n khu\u00f4n gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

1.6 Kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng<\/h3>\n

L\u1ed7 r\u1ed7ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft l\u00f5m n\u00f4ng do qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7y kim lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh r\u00e8n ho\u1eb7c \u00e9p, g\u00e2y ra b\u1edfi c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n, g\u1edd ho\u1eb7c r\u1ec9 s\u00e9t.<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n
G\u00e2y ra<\/td>\nC\u00e1c l\u1ed7 r\u1ed7ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n t\u1eeb phoi v\u1ee5n, g\u1edd c\u1eaft ho\u1eb7c l\u1edbp g\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh r\u00e8n ho\u1eb7c \u00e9p.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/td>\n\u0110\u1ed9 s\u00e2u l\u1ed7 r\u1ed7ng h \u2264 0,02D ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed1i \u0111a 0,25 mm. T\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u1ed7 r\u1ed7ng tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c \u2264 5% \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi D \u2264 24 mm, \u2264 10% \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi D > 24 mm. D \u2013 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh ren danh ngh\u0129a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

C\u00e1c l\u1ed7 r\u1ed7ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u. Nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

1.7 D\u1ea5u v\u1ebft d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5<\/h3>\n

D\u1ea5u v\u1ebft d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng r\u00e3nh n\u00f4ng theo h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c h\u01b0\u1edbng chu vi do chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 ph\u00f4i t\u1ea1o ra.<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n
G\u00e2y ra<\/td>\nD\u1ea5u v\u1ebft d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 gia c\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n do chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 gia c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u00f4i.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/td>\nTr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u1ed5 tr\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00e1m b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u2264 Ra 3,2 \u03bcm (theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n GB\/T 1031). D\u1ea5u v\u1ebft d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ph\u00e9p.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

C\u00e1c v\u1ebft gia c\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 mang t\u00ednh th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u1ed5 tr\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac tr\u01a1n tru. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

1.8 Thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i<\/h3>\n

H\u01b0 h\u1ecfng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft s\u1ee9t m\u1ebb tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 lo\u1ea1i \u0111ai \u1ed1c n\u00e0o do t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n, bao g\u1ed3m v\u1ebft l\u00f5m, v\u1ebft x\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1ebft kho\u00e9t v\u00e0 v\u1ebft s\u1ee9t.<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n\n
G\u00e2y ra<\/td>\nC\u00e1c h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng nh\u01b0 v\u1ebft l\u00f5m, v\u1ebft x\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1ebft m\u1ebb v\u00e0 v\u1ebft kho\u00e9t s\u00e2u x\u1ea3y ra do t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
V\u1ebb b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i<\/td>\nKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ho\u1eb7c h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c; c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/td>\nNh\u1eefng h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m tr\u1eeb khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 l\u00e0m suy gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. N\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 bao b\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

Thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u1eebng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3; n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bao b\u00ec b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. N\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i, ch\u00fang hi\u1ebfm khi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n

\n

Quy tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/h2>\n

C\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m tra trong ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n GB\/T 5779.2-2000 tu\u00e2n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n GB\/T 90, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m th\u01b0\u1eddng quy, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y, ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7. C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn l\u00f4 h\u00e0ng, gi\u00fap x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a \u0111ai \u1ed1c.<\/p>\n

2.1 Ki\u1ec3m tra nghi\u1ec7m thu \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3<\/h3>\n

Ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 bao g\u1ed3m ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n. Vi\u1ec7c s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc ban \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t l\u1edbn ho\u1eb7c v\u1ee1, b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea5p. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u00e2u h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

2.2 Ki\u1ec3m tra kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y<\/h3>\n

C\u00e1c m\u1eabu t\u1eeb l\u00f4 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n GB\/T 90, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 10x, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n xo\u00e1y. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt n\u1eb1m trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n cho ph\u00e9p, l\u00f4 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. \u0110\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, vui l\u00f2ng ghi r\u00f5 trong \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y gi\u00fap b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n m\u1eabu v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n

2.3 Ki\u1ec3m tra ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y<\/h3>\n

Sau khi lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7, c\u00e1c m\u1eabu nghi ng\u1edd c\u00f3 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3i qua c\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n GB\/T 3098.12 v\u00e0 GB\/T 3098.14, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng ho\u1eb7c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c minh c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n

2.4 Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i<\/h3>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111ai \u1ed1c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb th\u00e9p d\u1ec5 gia c\u00f4ng, c\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m doa l\u1ed7 theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n GB\/T 3098.14 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. C\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m b\u1ed5 sung theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n GB\/T 3098.12 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft tranh ch\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1ch quan.<\/p>\n

2.5 Ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft<\/h3>\n

L\u00f4 h\u00e0ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf n\u1ebfu ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t do t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n, v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t l\u00f5m qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n cho ph\u00e9p. Th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y c\u0169ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng \u0111ai \u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00ecn chung, c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y t\u00edch h\u1ee3p l\u1ea5y m\u1eabu th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea v\u1edbi th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 t\u00ednh k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 sung cho vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng quan tr\u1ecdng, n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ec3m tra theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n 100%. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ch\u00e9o cho c\u00e1c thanh tra vi\u00ean v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n li\u00ean quan s\u1ebd n\u00e2ng cao \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 ki\u1ec3m tra l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng truy xu\u1ea5t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 ISO 9001.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p (FAQ)<\/h2>\n

Ph\u1ea7n H\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e1p n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p c\u00e1c th\u1eafc m\u1eafc th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p v\u1ec1 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n GB\/T 5779.2-2000, cung c\u1ea5p h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p cho nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, thanh tra vi\u00ean v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. C\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm b\u1eb1ng gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u201cGi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t do t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n \u1edf \u0111ai \u1ed1c l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau?\u201d<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n GB\/T 5779.2-2000, gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t do gia c\u00f4ng tr\u00ean \u0111ai \u1ed1c l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau?<\/strong>
    \nC\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t do r\u00e8n tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u1ed5 tr\u1ee5c ho\u1eb7c m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean\/d\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 hai v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t xuy\u00ean qua b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u1ed5 tr\u1ee5c, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u \u2264 0,05D. Vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ren ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf ren ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u tr\u00ean ren \u0111\u00f3 \u2264 0,5H.1<\/sub> (H1<\/sub> = 0,541P). C\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u00e0y ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba s\u1ef1 suy y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111ai \u1ed1c duy tr\u00ec m\u00f4-men xo\u1eafn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n trong c\u00e1c c\u1ee5m l\u1eafp r\u00e1p. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, h\u00e3y \u0111o \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00f2 \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n ho\u1eb7c k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. N\u1ebfu v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, h\u00e3y x\u1eed l\u00fd l\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf l\u00f4 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh h\u1ecfng h\u00f3c trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/li>\n
  2. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ee9t g\u00e3y do l\u1ef1c c\u1eaft v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ee1 trong \u0111ai \u1ed1c v\u00edt?<\/strong>
    \nC\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t do \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t r\u00e8n t\u1ea1o ra \u1edf g\u00f3c 45\u00b0 so v\u1edbi tr\u1ee5c, trong khi c\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t kh\u00e1c b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u th\u00f4. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ebft h\u1edf tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, nh\u01b0ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang h\u01a1i kh\u00e1c nhau: v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t do \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t r\u00e8n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 lan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 \u2264 (0,25 + 0,02s). C\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 lan r\u1ed9ng. Quan s\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng gi\u00fap ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t; v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t do \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t r\u00e8n th\u01b0\u1eddng cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng c\u1eaft. Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n quy tr\u00ecnh r\u00e8n.<\/li>\n
  3. Nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean \u0111ai \u1ed1c?<\/strong>
    \nB\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra tr\u1ef1c quan th\u01b0\u1eddng quy, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y nh\u01b0 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i 10x, ki\u1ec3m tra h\u1ea1t t\u1eeb t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111ai \u1ed1c t\u1eeb t\u00ednh, ho\u1eb7c d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n xo\u00e1y \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t. C\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n GB\/T 3098.12\/14 sau khi lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n x\u1eed tranh ch\u1ea5p, c\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m doa l\u1ed7 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c \u0111ai \u1ed1c th\u00e9p d\u1ec5 c\u1eaft. K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n; v\u00ed d\u1ee5, ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1eeb t\u00ednh ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t \u1ea9n trong d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n
  4. Li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p c\u00f3 v\u1ebft gia c\u00f4ng tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111ai \u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00e1m l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau?<\/strong>
    \nD\u1ea5u v\u1ebft d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u1ed5 tr\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ph\u00e9p n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00e1m b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u2264 Ra 3,2 \u03bcm theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n GB\/T 1031. Tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac tr\u01a1n tru m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb k\u1eb9t ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u. \u0110o \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00e1m b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y \u0111o bi\u00ean d\u1ea1ng; n\u1ebfu v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng. Trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0103n m\u00f2n, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u1eb5n h\u01a1n gi\u00fap t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00e1m d\u00ednh v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7.<\/li>\n
  5. C\u1ea7n l\u00e0m g\u00ec n\u1ebfu ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1t b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n?<\/strong>
    \nC\u00e1c h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng nh\u01b0 v\u1ebft l\u00f5m ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ea7y x\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i tr\u1eeb khi ch\u00fang \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t, theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba ch\u00fang. \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng; n\u1ebfu m\u00f4-men xo\u1eafn ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00edt b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e3y t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i. C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t bao g\u1ed3m s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00f9ng ch\u1ee9a c\u00f3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ec7m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c \u0111ai \u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eafp r\u00e1p.<\/li>\n
  6. Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ed7ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111ai \u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh l\u1edbn?<\/strong>
    \n\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi D > 24 mm, t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u1ed7 r\u1ed7ng tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c \u2264 10% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u \u2264 0,02D ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed1i \u0111a 0,25 mm. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p dung sai l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111ai \u1ed1c l\u1edbn h\u01a1n do hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng. T\u00ednh to\u00e1n di\u1ec7n t\u00edch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c; l\u1ed7 r\u1ed7ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eadp trung \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t. Quy tr\u00ecnh r\u00e8n s\u1ea1ch gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m l\u1ed7 r\u1ed7ng, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u0111ai \u1ed1c trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea3i n\u1eb7ng.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    <\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Introduction to GB\/T 5779.2-2000 Standard The GB\/T 5779.2-2000 standard specifies the surface defects for nuts in fasteners, focusing on their types, causes, appearance features, and permissible limits. This standard is part of a series addressing surface discontinuities in mechanical fasteners, ensuring quality and reliability in applications across industries such as automotive, aerospace, construction, and machinery. […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[220],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5638","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-technical-documentation-and-references"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5638","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5638"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5638\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5641,"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5638\/revisions\/5641"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5638"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5638"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5638"}],"curies":[{"name":"trang web","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}