{"id":5660,"date":"2025-12-23T03:51:58","date_gmt":"2025-12-23T03:51:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/?p=5660"},"modified":"2025-12-23T03:51:58","modified_gmt":"2025-12-23T03:51:58","slug":"gb-3098-23-2020-fastener-props-m42-m72-bolts","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/tr\/blog\/gb-3098-23-2020-fastener-props-m42-m72-bolts\/","title":{"rendered":"GB 3098.23-2020 Ba\u011flant\u0131 Eleman\u0131 Destekleri M42-M72 C\u0131vatalar"},"content":{"rendered":"
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GB\/T 3098.23-2020'ye Giri\u015f<\/h2>\n

GB\/T 3098.23-2020 standard\u0131, \u00f6zellikle M42 ile M72 aras\u0131nda nominal di\u015f \u00e7ap\u0131na sahip c\u0131vata, vida ve saplama gibi ba\u011flant\u0131 elemanlar\u0131n\u0131n mekanik \u00f6zelliklerini belirtir. Bu standart, yap\u0131 m\u00fchendisli\u011fi, makine montaj\u0131 ve a\u011f\u0131r sanayi gibi zorlu uygulamalarda kullan\u0131lan y\u00fcksek mukavemetli ba\u011flant\u0131 elemanlar\u0131n\u0131n performans gereksinimlerini ele alan daha geni\u015f GB\/T 3098 serisinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. 8.8 ve 10.9 \u00f6zellik s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131na odaklanarak, bu bile\u015fenlerin \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00e7evresel ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fcklerini korurken \u00f6nemli y\u00fcklere dayanabilmelerini sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

Standart, malzeme, \u0131s\u0131l i\u015flem, kimyasal bile\u015fim ve \u00e7ekme dayan\u0131m\u0131, akma gerilimi, sertlik ve darbe direnci dahil olmak \u00fczere bir dizi mekanik \u00f6zellik i\u00e7in gereksinimleri \u00f6zetlemektedir. M42 ila M72 aral\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131 elemanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in, yeterli sertle\u015febilirli\u011fi sa\u011flamak ve ba\u011flant\u0131 eleman\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ekirde\u011finde k\u0131r\u0131lgan ar\u0131za veya yetersiz mukavemet gibi sorunlar\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in \u00f6zel hususlar dikkate al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Ala\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00e7elikler zorunlu olup, istenen mikroyap\u0131y\u0131, \u00f6zellikle di\u015fli k\u0131s\u0131mda martensit yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 elde etmek i\u00e7in sertle\u015ftirme ve temperleme i\u015flemine tabi tutulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Temel hususlar aras\u0131nda, malzemenin sertle\u015fme \u00f6zelli\u011fini ve kusurlara kar\u015f\u0131 duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 etkileyen karbon, fosfor, k\u00fck\u00fcrt ve bor gibi elementleri kontrol etmek i\u00e7in kimyasal bile\u015fim s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 yer almaktad\u0131r. Minimum temperleme s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi \u0131s\u0131l i\u015flem parametreleri, mukavemet ve tokluk aras\u0131nda denge sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in belirtilmi\u015ftir. Mekanik test y\u00f6ntemleri, ilgili standartlardan referans al\u0131narak de\u011ferlendirmede tutarl\u0131l\u0131k sa\u011flanmaktad\u0131r. Bu standart, \u00fcreticilerin ve m\u00fchendislerin y\u00fcksek y\u00fck senaryolar\u0131nda g\u00fcvenlik ve performans kriterlerini kar\u015f\u0131layan uygun ba\u011flant\u0131 elemanlar\u0131n\u0131 se\u00e7meleri i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n

Pratikte, GB\/T 3098.23-2020 standard\u0131na uyum, k\u00f6pr\u00fcler, bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 kaplar veya otomotiv \u015fasileri gibi ba\u011flant\u0131 eleman\u0131 ar\u0131zas\u0131n\u0131n felaket sonu\u00e7lara yol a\u00e7abilece\u011fi uygulamalarda riskleri azaltmaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. Ayr\u0131ca, malzeme kalitesini do\u011frulamak i\u00e7in y\u00fczey b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, dekarb\u00fcrizasyon s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 ve temperleme sonras\u0131 sertlik kontrolleri i\u00e7in y\u00f6nergeler sa\u011flar. Bu \u00f6zellikleri entegre ederek, standart, benzer \u00f6zellik s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 i\u00e7in ISO 898-1 gibi uluslararas\u0131 e\u015fde\u011ferleriyle uyumlu olarak, k\u00fcresel tedarik zincirlerinde g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fi ve birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilirli\u011fi te\u015fvik eder.<\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca, belge, nominal gerilme alanlar\u0131na g\u00f6re hesaplanan hem kaba hem de ince di\u015fler i\u00e7in minimum \u00e7ekme y\u00fckleri ve akma y\u00fckleri i\u00e7in ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 tablolar i\u00e7ermektedir. Bu de\u011ferler, tasar\u0131m m\u00fchendislerinin g\u00fcvenli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma y\u00fcklerini belirlemesi ve g\u00fcvenlik paylar\u0131n\u0131 hesaba katmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. Standart, optimum performans i\u00e7in temperlemeden \u00f6nce \u00e7ekirdekte en az 90% martensit elde edilmesinin \u00f6nemini vurgulamaktad\u0131r. Genel olarak, GB\/T 3098.23-2020, end\u00fcstriyel ortamlarda yayg\u0131n olarak kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan \u00e7ekme, kesme ve yorulma gerilimleri alt\u0131nda g\u00fcvenilir bir \u015fekilde performans g\u00f6stermelerini sa\u011flayarak, y\u00fcksek performansl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131 elemanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretimi ve do\u011frulanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kapsaml\u0131 bir k\u0131lavuz g\u00f6revi g\u00f6rmektedir. Bu giri\u015f, malzeme bile\u015fiminden ba\u015flayarak performans \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerine kadar uzanan \u00f6zel gereksinimlere derinlemesine inmek i\u00e7in temel olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Kapsam: M42'den M72'ye kadar olan c\u0131vatalar, vidalar ve saplamalar i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erlidir.<\/li>\n
  • \u00d6zellik S\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131: 8.8 ve 10.9.<\/li>\n
  • Malzeme: Sertle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve temperlenmi\u015f ala\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00e7elik.<\/li>\n
  • Ba\u015fl\u0131ca Faydalar\u0131: Geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f mukavemet, dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k ve k\u0131r\u0131lmaya kar\u015f\u0131 diren\u00e7.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Standard\u0131 tam olarak anlamak i\u00e7in, metalurji ve test tekniklerindeki geli\u015fmelerin de dahil edildi\u011fi \u00f6nceki s\u00fcr\u00fcmlerden evrimini kavramak \u00f6nemlidir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, fosfor ve k\u00fck\u00fcrt gibi safs\u0131zl\u0131klar \u00fczerindeki daha s\u0131k\u0131 kontroller, temper gevrekli\u011fi riskini azalt\u0131rken, bor s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 \u0131s\u0131l i\u015flem s\u0131ras\u0131nda tane irile\u015fmesini \u00f6nler. M\u00fchendisler, b\u00fct\u00fcnsel uyumlulu\u011fu sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in bunu di\u015f boyutlar\u0131 i\u00e7in GB\/T 196 ve y\u00fczey s\u00fcreksizlikleri i\u00e7in GB\/T 5779.1 ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    <\/p>\n

    \n

    Kimyasal Bile\u015fim (Malzemeler)<\/h2>\n

    GB\/T 3098.23-2020 standard\u0131ndaki kimyasal bile\u015fim gereksinimleri, ba\u011flant\u0131 elemanlar\u0131n\u0131n mekanik \u00f6zelliklerinin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kritik \u00f6neme sahiptir. 8.8 ve 10.9 \u00f6zellik s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 i\u00e7in, malzemeler sertle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve temperlenmi\u015f ala\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00e7elikler olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bile\u015fim, eriyik analizi yoluyla belirlenir ve ihtilaf durumlar\u0131nda \u00fcr\u00fcn analizi uygulan\u0131r. Karbon i\u00e7eri\u011fi, 8.8 i\u00e7in minimum 0,2% ve 10.9 i\u00e7in 0,3%'den her ikisi i\u00e7in de maksimum 0,55%'ye kadar de\u011fi\u015fir ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131lganl\u0131k olmadan gerekli sertle\u015febilirli\u011fi sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

    Segregasyonu en aza indirmek ve toklu\u011fu art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in fosfor ve k\u00fck\u00fcrt her biri i\u00e7in maksimum 0,025% ile s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tane yap\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerindeki olumsuz etkilerden ka\u00e7\u0131nmak i\u00e7in bor 0,003% ile s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ala\u015f\u0131m elementleri a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerden en az birini i\u00e7ermelidir: krom (min 0,30%), nikel (min 0,30%), molibden (min 0,20%) veya vanadyum (min 0,10%). Kombinasyonlar i\u00e7in, toplam ala\u015f\u0131m i\u00e7eri\u011fi, bireysel minimumlar\u0131n toplam\u0131n\u0131n en az 70%'si olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Bu s\u0131n\u0131rlar, temperleme \u00f6ncesinde di\u015fli \u00e7ekirdekte yakla\u015f\u0131k 90% martensit elde edilmesini sa\u011flayarak yeterli sertle\u015ftirme \u00f6zelli\u011fini garanti eder. Her iki s\u0131n\u0131f i\u00e7in de minimum temperleme s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 500\u00b0C'dir ve bu da dengeli mukavemet ve s\u00fcneklik i\u00e7in mikro yap\u0131y\u0131 iyile\u015ftirir. M\u00fchendislik ba\u011flam\u0131nda, bu bile\u015fimler, y\u00fcksek gerilimli ortamlarda yayg\u0131n olan hidrojen gevrekli\u011fi ve yorulmaya kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131 elemanlar\u0131n\u0131n diren\u00e7 g\u00f6stermesini sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

    \n\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    M\u00fclk S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131<\/td>\n8.83<\/sup><\/td>\n10.93<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Malzeme ve Is\u0131l \u0130\u015flem<\/td>\nSertle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve temperlenmi\u015f ala\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00e7elik2<\/sup><\/td>\nSertle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve temperlenmi\u015f ala\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00e7elik2<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    C, min1<\/sup><\/td>\nKimyasal Bile\u015fim S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 \/ % (Erime Analizi)<\/td>\n0.2<\/td>\n0.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    C, maks.1<\/sup><\/td>\n0.55<\/td>\n0.55<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    P, maksimum1<\/sup><\/td>\n0.025<\/td>\n0.025<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    S, maksimum1<\/sup><\/td>\n0.025<\/td>\n0.025<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    B, maksimum1<\/sup><\/td>\n0.003<\/td>\n0.003<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Tavlama S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00b0C<\/td>\n500<\/td>\n500<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

    1<\/sup> Anla\u015fmazl\u0131k durumunda \u00fcr\u00fcn analizi esas al\u0131n\u0131r. 2<\/sup> Bu ala\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00e7elikler, minimum i\u00e7eriklerle a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki elementlerden en az birini i\u00e7ermelidir: Cr 0.30%; Ni 0.30%; Mo 0.20%; V 0.10%. \u0130ki, \u00fc\u00e7 veya d\u00f6rt elementin kombinasyonlar\u0131 i\u00e7in, i\u00e7erik, bireysel minimumlar\u0131n toplam\u0131n\u0131n 70%'sinden az olmamal\u0131d\u0131r. 3<\/sup> Bu s\u0131n\u0131flar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan malzemelerin, temperleme i\u015fleminden \u00f6nce \"sertle\u015ftirme sonras\u0131\" durumda di\u015fli b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn \u00e7ekirde\u011finde yakla\u015f\u0131k 90% martensit olu\u015fumunu sa\u011flayacak yeterli sertle\u015fme kabiliyetine sahip olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n

    Bu bile\u015fimleri anlamak metalurji bilgisi gerektirir: karbon mukavemeti art\u0131r\u0131r ancak kontrol edilmezse s\u00fcnekli\u011fi azaltabilir. Ala\u015f\u0131m elementleri, so\u011futma h\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7aplar i\u00e7in hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan tam sertle\u015fmeyi iyile\u015ftirir. \u00dcreticiler bu \u00f6zelliklere uymak i\u00e7in genellikle 42CrMo veya 35CrMo gibi \u00e7elikler kullan\u0131rlar. Kalite kontrol\u00fcnde, spektrometrik analiz uyumlulu\u011fu do\u011frular ve taneler aras\u0131 \u00e7atlama gibi sorunlar\u0131 \u00f6nler. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn gereksinimleri, daha sonraki mekanik \u00f6zellikleri do\u011frudan etkiler ve havac\u0131l\u0131k ve in\u015faat gibi sekt\u00f6rlerde g\u00fcvenilir ba\u011flant\u0131 eleman\u0131 performans\u0131n\u0131n temelini olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \u0130stenilen mukavemet i\u00e7in karbon aral\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frulay\u0131n.<\/li>\n
    2. Dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in safs\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 kontrol edin.<\/li>\n
    3. Sertle\u015febilirli\u011fi sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in ala\u015f\u0131m katk\u0131 maddelerini ekleyin.<\/li>\n
    4. Mikro yap\u0131 i\u00e7in uygun \u0131s\u0131l i\u015flem uygulay\u0131n.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

      <\/p>\n

      \n

      Mekanik ve Fiziksel \u00d6zellikler<\/h2>\n

      GB\/T 3098.23-2020 standard\u0131, 8.8 ve 10.9 s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131ndaki M42~M72 ba\u011flant\u0131 elemanlar\u0131n\u0131n mekanik ve fiziksel \u00f6zelliklerini detayland\u0131r\u0131r. Bunlar aras\u0131nda \u00e7ekme dayan\u0131m\u0131 (R_m), 0.2% akma gerilimi (R_p0.2), akma gerilimi (S_p), uzama (A), kesit daralmas\u0131 (Z), sertlik aral\u0131klar\u0131, dekarb\u00fcrizasyon limitleri ve darbe enerjisi (K_v) bulunur. 8.8 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 i\u00e7in minimum R_m 830 MPa, R_p0.2 660 MPa ve S_p 600 MPa'd\u0131r. 10.9 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 i\u00e7in ise s\u0131ras\u0131yla 1040 MPa, 940 MPa ve 830 MPa gereklidir.<\/p>\n

      Sertlik, Vickers (HV), Brinell (HBW) ve Rockwell (HRC) \u00f6l\u00e7eklerinde belirtilir ve homojenli\u011fi sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in s\u0131n\u0131rlar belirlenmi\u015ftir. Y\u00fczey sertli\u011fi, her iki s\u0131n\u0131f i\u00e7in de \u00e7ekirdek sertli\u011fine g\u00f6re maksimum 30 HV art\u0131\u015f ve 10.9 i\u00e7in mutlak maksimum 390 HV ile, y\u00fczey sertle\u015fmesi etkilerini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in kontrol edilir. Di\u015f mukavemetini korumak i\u00e7in dekarb\u00fcrizasyon s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: dekarb\u00fcrize edilmemi\u015f katman y\u00fcksekli\u011fi E, 8.8 i\u00e7in 1\/2 H1 ve 10.9 i\u00e7in 2\/3 H1'dir ve tam dekarb\u00fcrizasyon derinli\u011fi G maksimum 0,015 mm'dir.<\/p>\n

      Darbe enerjisi K_v, -20\u00b0C'de en az 27 J'dir ve 9.9. b\u00f6l\u00fcme g\u00f6re test edilmi\u015ftir. Ba\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flaml\u0131\u011f\u0131, k\u0131r\u0131k veya \u00e7atlak olmamas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir. Y\u00fczey s\u00fcreksizlikleri GB\/T 5779.1 standard\u0131na uygundur. Bu \u00f6zellikler, ba\u011flant\u0131 elemanlar\u0131n\u0131n ar\u0131za olmadan dinamik y\u00fckleri kald\u0131rabilmesini sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

      \n\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      M\u00fclk S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131<\/td>\n8.8<\/td>\n10.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Nominal1<\/sup><\/td>\n\u00c7ekme Dayan\u0131m\u0131 R_m \/ MPa<\/td>\n800<\/td>\n1000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Minimum<\/td>\n830<\/td>\n1040<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Nominal2<\/sup><\/td>\n0,2%'de Orant\u0131s\u0131z Uzama R_p0.2 \/ MPa'da Gerilim<\/td>\n640<\/td>\n900<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Minimum<\/td>\n660<\/td>\n940<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Nominal3<\/sup><\/td>\nKan\u0131t Gerilimi S_p \/ MPa<\/td>\n600<\/td>\n830<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Kan\u0131t Gerilme Oran\u0131 S_p nom \/ R_p0.2 min<\/td>\n0.91<\/td>\n0.88<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Minimum<\/td>\nK\u0131r\u0131lma Sonras\u0131 Uzama A \/ %<\/td>\n12<\/td>\n9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Minimum<\/td>\nAlan Azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 Z \/ %<\/td>\n52<\/td>\n48<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Kafa Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/td>\nK\u0131r\u0131k veya \u00e7atlak yok.<\/td>\nK\u0131r\u0131k veya \u00e7atlak yok.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Minimum<\/td>\nVickers Sertli\u011fi HV F \u2265 98 N<\/td>\n255<\/td>\n320<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Maksimum<\/td>\n335<\/td>\n380<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Minimum<\/td>\nBrinell Sertli\u011fi HBW F = 30 D\u00b2<\/td>\n250<\/td>\n316<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Maksimum<\/td>\n331<\/td>\n375<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Minimum<\/td>\nRockwell Sertli\u011fi HRC<\/td>\n23<\/td>\n32<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Maksimum<\/td>\n34<\/td>\n39<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Maksimum<\/td>\nY\u00fczey Sertli\u011fi HV 0.3<\/td>\n4<\/sup><\/td>\n4<\/sup>, 5<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Minimum<\/td>\nKarbonsuzla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f Di\u015f B\u00f6lgesinin Y\u00fcksekli\u011fi E \/ mm<\/td>\n1\/2 H1<\/td>\n2\/3 H1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Maksimum<\/td>\nTam Karbonsuzla\u015ft\u0131rma Derinli\u011fi G \/ mm<\/td>\n0.015<\/td>\n0.015<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Maksimum<\/td>\nYeniden temperleme sonras\u0131 sertlik azalmas\u0131 HV<\/td>\n20<\/td>\n20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Minimum6<\/sup><\/td>\nEtki Enerjisi K_v \/ J<\/td>\n27<\/td>\n27<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Y\u00fczey S\u00fcreksizlikleri<\/td>\nY\u00fczey S\u00fcreksizlikleri<\/td>\nGB\/T 5779.1<\/td>\nGB\/T 5779.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

      1<\/sup> Tan\u0131mlama amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131lan nominal de\u011ferler i\u00e7in B\u00f6l\u00fcm 5'e bak\u0131n\u0131z. 2<\/sup> 0,2% orant\u0131s\u0131z uzamada gerilim olarak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 3<\/sup> Tablo 4 ve 6'daki test y\u00fck\u00fc de\u011ferleri. 4<\/sup> Y\u00fczey sertli\u011fi, HV 0.3 ile \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, \u00e7ekirdek sertli\u011fini (1\/2 yar\u0131\u00e7apta) 30 HV'den fazla a\u015fmamal\u0131d\u0131r. 5<\/sup> Maksimum y\u00fczey sertli\u011fi 390 HV. 6<\/sup> -20\u00b0C'de test edilmi\u015ftir, bkz. 9.9.<\/p>\n

      Bu \u00f6zellikler, i\u015flenmi\u015f numuneler veya tam boyutlu ba\u011flant\u0131 elemanlar\u0131 \u00fczerinde test edilerek ger\u00e7ek d\u00fcnya uygulamalar\u0131na uygunluk sa\u011flan\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 10.9'daki daha y\u00fcksek R_m de\u011feri, kritik ba\u011flant\u0131larda daha y\u00fcksek y\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131ma kapasitesi sa\u011flar. Sertlik aral\u0131klar\u0131, hidrojen \u00e7atlamas\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilecek a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sertle\u015fmeyi \u00f6nler. Karbonsuzla\u015ft\u0131rma kontrolleri, di\u015f yorulma \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc korur. Tasar\u0131mda, m\u00fchendisler bu de\u011ferleri g\u00fcvenlik fakt\u00f6rlerini hesaplamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131r ve genellikle karma\u015f\u0131k montajlar i\u00e7in sonlu eleman analizini de dahil ederler.<\/p>\n

      <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

      <\/p>\n

      \n

      Minimum \u00c7ekme Y\u00fckleri \u2013 Kal\u0131n Di\u015fli<\/h2>\n

      Kal\u0131n di\u015fli ba\u011flant\u0131 elemanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in minimum \u00e7ekme y\u00fckleri, nominal gerilme alan\u0131 A_s,nom ve minimum \u00e7ekme dayan\u0131m\u0131 R_m,min kullan\u0131larak hesaplan\u0131r. Bu de\u011ferler, ba\u011flant\u0131 elemanlar\u0131n\u0131n belirtilen kuvvetlere ar\u0131za olmadan dayanabilmesini sa\u011flayarak \u00e7ekme testleri i\u00e7in temel olu\u015fturur. M42 i\u00e7in A_s,nom 1120 mm\u00b2 olup, 8.8 i\u00e7in minimum y\u00fck 929600 N ve 10.9 i\u00e7in 1164800 N'dir. Bu de\u011ferler M68'e kadar 3060 mm\u00b2'ye, s\u0131ras\u0131yla 2539800 N ve 3182400 N y\u00fck de\u011ferlerine kadar devam eder.<\/p>\n

      Hesaplamalarda R_m = F_m \/ A_s,nom kullan\u0131l\u0131r; burada A_s,nom = (\u03c0\/4) \u00d7 [(d2 + d3)\/2]\u00b2, d2 ve d1 i\u00e7in GB\/T 196'ya, H i\u00e7in GB\/T 192'ye ve d3 = d1 \u2013 H\/6'ya at\u0131fta bulunulur. Bu, do\u011fru gerilim da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmelerini sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

      \n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n\n\n
      \u0130plik<\/td>\nM42<\/td>\nM45<\/td>\nM48<\/td>\nM52<\/td>\nM56<\/td>\nM60<\/td>\nM64<\/td>\nM68<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Nominal Gerilme Alan\u0131 A_s,nom \/ mm\u00b21<\/sup><\/td>\n1120<\/td>\n1310<\/td>\n1470<\/td>\n1760<\/td>\n2030<\/td>\n2360<\/td>\n2680<\/td>\n3060<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      M\u00fclk S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 8.8<\/td>\nMinimum \u00c7ekme Y\u00fck\u00fc F_m,min (A_s,nom \u00d7 R_m,min) \/ N<\/td>\n929600<\/td>\n1087300<\/td>\n1220100<\/td>\n1460800<\/td>\n1684900<\/td>\n1958800<\/td>\n2224400<\/td>\n2539800<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      M\u00fclk S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 10.9<\/td>\n1164800<\/td>\n1362400<\/td>\n1528800<\/td>\n1830400<\/td>\n2111200<\/td>\n2454400<\/td>\n2787200<\/td>\n3182400<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

      Bu y\u00fckler, montaj hatlar\u0131nda dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k testleri i\u00e7in hayati \u00f6neme sahiptir ve \u00fcretim hatalar\u0131n\u0131 erken a\u015famada tespit etmeye yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. Yap\u0131sal uygulamalarda ise titre\u015fim alt\u0131nda gev\u015femeyi \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in c\u0131vata \u00f6n y\u00fckleme hesaplamalar\u0131na rehberlik ederler.<\/p>\n

      <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

      <\/p>\n

      \n

      Kal\u0131n Di\u015fli Test Y\u00fckleri<\/h2>\n

      Test y\u00fckleri, A_s,nom ve S_p,min de\u011ferlerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, ba\u011flant\u0131 elemanlar\u0131n\u0131n kal\u0131c\u0131 deformasyon olmadan dayanmas\u0131 gereken minimum kuvveti temsil eder. M42 i\u00e7in bu de\u011fer 8.8 i\u00e7in 672000 N ve 10.9 i\u00e7in 929600 N olup, M68 i\u00e7in 1836000 N ve 2539800 N'ye kadar \u00f6l\u00e7eklenir.<\/p>\n

      \u00c7ekme y\u00fckleri i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan hesaplama form\u00fclleri burada da ge\u00e7erlidir. Bu de\u011ferler, akma dayan\u0131m\u0131 e\u015fde\u011ferli\u011fini do\u011frulamak i\u00e7in tahribats\u0131z testlerde kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

      \n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n\n\n
      \u0130plik<\/td>\nM42<\/td>\nM45<\/td>\nM48<\/td>\nM52<\/td>\nM56<\/td>\nM60<\/td>\nM64<\/td>\nM68<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Nominal Gerilme Alan\u0131 A_s,nom \/ mm\u00b2<\/td>\n1120<\/td>\n1310<\/td>\n1470<\/td>\n1760<\/td>\n2030<\/td>\n2360<\/td>\n2680<\/td>\n3060<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      M\u00fclk S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 8.8<\/td>\nKan\u0131t Y\u00fck\u00fc F_p,min (A_s,nom \u00d7 S_p,min) \/ N<\/td>\n672000<\/td>\n786000<\/td>\n882000<\/td>\n1056000<\/td>\n1218000<\/td>\n1416000<\/td>\n1608000<\/td>\n1836000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      M\u00fclk S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 10.9<\/td>\n929600<\/td>\n1087300<\/td>\n1220100<\/td>\n1460800<\/td>\n1684900<\/td>\n1958800<\/td>\n2224400<\/td>\n2539800<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

      \u00d6zellikle g\u00fcvenlik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kritik sekt\u00f6rlerde, kalite g\u00fcvencesi i\u00e7in y\u00fck testi \u015fartt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

      <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

      <\/p>\n

      \n

      Minimum \u00c7ekme Y\u00fckleri \u2013 \u0130nce Di\u015fli<\/h2>\n

      \u0130nce di\u015fler i\u00e7in, daha b\u00fcy\u00fck gerilme alanlar\u0131 nedeniyle y\u00fckler daha y\u00fcksektir. M45\u00d73 i\u00e7in, A_s,nom 1400 mm\u00b2, minimum y\u00fckler 1162000 N (8.8) ve 1456000 N (10.9), 3460 mm\u00b2 ile M72\u00d76'ya kadar, 2871800 N ve 3598400 N'dir. Not: Do\u011fruluk i\u00e7in kaynaktan d\u00fczeltilmi\u015f de\u011ferler.<\/p>\n

      \n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n\n\n
      \u0130plik<\/td>\nM45\u00d73<\/td>\nM52\u00d74<\/td>\nM56\u00d74<\/td>\nM60\u00d74<\/td>\nM64\u00d74<\/td>\nM72\u00d76<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Nominal Gerilme Alan\u0131 A_s,nom \/ mm\u00b21<\/sup><\/td>\n1400<\/td>\n1830<\/td>\n2144<\/td>\n2490<\/td>\n2851<\/td>\n3460<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      M\u00fclk S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 8.8<\/td>\nMinimum \u00c7ekme Y\u00fck\u00fc F_m,min (A_s,nom \u00d7 R_m,min) \/ N<\/td>\n1162000<\/td>\n1518900<\/td>\n1779520<\/td>\n2066700<\/td>\n2366330<\/td>\n2871800<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      M\u00fclk S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 10.9<\/td>\n1456000<\/td>\n1903200<\/td>\n2229760<\/td>\n2589600<\/td>\n2965040<\/td>\n3598400<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

      \u0130nce di\u015fler daha iyi titre\u015fim direnci sa\u011flar, bu nedenle dinamik uygulamalarda daha y\u00fcksek y\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131ma kapasitesine sahiptir.<\/p>\n

      <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

      <\/p>\n

      \n

      Test Y\u00fckleri \u2013 \u0130nce \u0130plik<\/h2>\n

      \u0130nce di\u015fler i\u00e7in test y\u00fckleri: M45\u00d73 840000 N (8.8), 1162000 N (10.9); M72\u00d76 2076000 N ve 2871800 N. Bunlar, y\u00fck alt\u0131nda elastik davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

      \n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n\n\n
      \u0130plik<\/td>\nM45\u00d73<\/td>\nM52\u00d74<\/td>\nM56\u00d74<\/td>\nM60\u00d74<\/td>\nM64\u00d74<\/td>\nM72\u00d76<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Nominal Gerilme Alan\u0131 A_s,nom \/ mm\u00b21<\/sup><\/td>\n1400<\/td>\n1830<\/td>\n2144<\/td>\n2490<\/td>\n2851<\/td>\n3460<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      M\u00fclk S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 8.8<\/td>\nKan\u0131t Y\u00fck\u00fc F_p,min (A_s,nom \u00d7 S_p,min) \/ N<\/td>\n840000<\/td>\n1098000<\/td>\n1286400<\/td>\n1494000<\/td>\n1710600<\/td>\n2076000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      M\u00fclk S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 10.9<\/td>\n1162000<\/td>\n1518900<\/td>\n1779520<\/td>\n2066700<\/td>\n2366330<\/td>\n2871800<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

      M\u00fchendislikte \u00f6n gerilmeli ba\u011flant\u0131lar i\u00e7in kritik \u00f6neme sahiptir.<\/p>\n

      <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

      <\/p>\n

      \n

      S\u0131k\u00e7a Sorulan Sorular (SSS)<\/h2>\n
      \n
      GB\/T 3098.23-2020 standard\u0131nda 8.8 ve 10.9 numaral\u0131 \u00f6zellik s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 i\u00e7in hangi malzemeler gereklidir?<\/dt>\n
      Sertle\u015febilirli\u011fi sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in Cr, Ni, Mo veya V gibi belirli ala\u015f\u0131m elementleri i\u00e7eren, su verilmi\u015f ve temperlenmi\u015f ala\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00e7elikler. Kimyasal s\u0131n\u0131rlar, optimum performans i\u00e7in C, P, S ve B'yi kontrol eder.<\/dd>\n
      Nominal gerilme alan\u0131 A_s,nom nas\u0131l hesaplan\u0131r?<\/dt>\n
      A_s,nom = (\u03c0\/4) \u00d7 [(d2 + d3)\/2]\u00b2, burada d2 temel ad\u0131m \u00e7ap\u0131, d3 = d1 \u2013 H\/6, d1 temel k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ap ve H GB\/T 196 ve 192'ye g\u00f6re temel \u00fc\u00e7gen y\u00fcksekli\u011fidir.<\/dd>\n
      90% martensit gereksiniminin \u00f6nemi nedir?<\/dt>\n
      Bu y\u00f6ntem, geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131 elemanlar\u0131nda yeterli \u00e7ekirdek mukavemeti ve toklu\u011fu sa\u011flar ve temperleme \u00f6ncesi su verme i\u015fleminden sonra homojen bir mikro yap\u0131 elde ederek y\u00fck alt\u0131nda erken ar\u0131zay\u0131 \u00f6nler.<\/dd>\n
      Dekarb\u00fcrizasyon limitleri neden belirtiliyor?<\/dt>\n
      Di\u015f mukavemetini ve yorulma direncini korumak i\u00e7in; a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 dekarb\u00fcrizasyon y\u00fczeyi yumu\u015fatarak y\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131ma kapasitesinin azalmas\u0131na ve kullan\u0131m s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7atlama potansiyeline yol a\u00e7ar.<\/dd>\n
      \u0130nce di\u015fli ipliklerin y\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131ma kapasitesi, kal\u0131n di\u015fli ipliklerin y\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131ma kapasitesinden nas\u0131l farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterir?<\/dt>\n
      \u0130nce di\u015fler, ayn\u0131 nominal \u00e7ap i\u00e7in daha b\u00fcy\u00fck gerilme alanlar\u0131na sahip olup, daha y\u00fcksek \u00e7ekme ve dayan\u0131m y\u00fckleri sa\u011flayarak, daha hassas ayarlama veya daha y\u00fcksek s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma kuvvetleri gerektiren uygulamalar i\u00e7in uygundur.<\/dd>\n
      Darbe enerjisi K_v i\u00e7in hangi test s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131r?<\/dt>\n
      -20\u00b0C'de, her iki s\u0131n\u0131f i\u00e7in de minimum 27 J olmak \u00fczere, d\u0131\u015f mekan yap\u0131lar\u0131 veya so\u011fuk iklimler gibi ortamlarda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131k dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frulamak i\u00e7in testler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n

      <\/p>\n

      Yorumlar ve Sorular<\/div>\n
      <\/div>\n
      \n
      Yorum b\u0131rak\u0131n:<\/div>\n


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