{"id":5723,"date":"2025-12-24T02:35:38","date_gmt":"2025-12-24T02:35:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/?p=5723"},"modified":"2025-12-24T02:36:28","modified_gmt":"2025-12-24T02:36:28","slug":"gb-t-3098-2-2015-coarse-thread-nut-properties-standard","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/pl\/blog\/gb-t-3098-2-2015-coarse-thread-nut-properties-standard\/","title":{"rendered":"GB\/T 3098.2-2015: Norma dotycz\u0105ca w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci nakr\u0119tek z gwintem grubym"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\">\n<h2 style=\"color: #333; font-size: 1.5em; border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd; padding-bottom: 10px;\">Zarys artyku\u0142u<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 15px;\">W artykule tym kompleksowo om\u00f3wiono norm\u0119 GB\/T 3098.2-2015, kt\u00f3rej struktura zosta\u0142a opracowana w spos\u00f3b u\u0142atwiaj\u0105cy odniesienie i praktyczne zastosowanie w kontek\u015bcie in\u017cynierskim:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px;\">\n<li>Wprowadzenie: Om\u00f3wienie i stosowalno\u015b\u0107 normy.<\/li>\n<li>Materia\u0142y: Wytyczne dotycz\u0105ce sk\u0142adu chemicznego i obr\u00f3bki cieplnej.<\/li>\n<li>W\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci mechaniczne: Wymagania dotycz\u0105ce obci\u0105\u017cenia pr\u00f3bnego.<\/li>\n<li>Wymagania dotycz\u0105ce twardo\u015bci: Okre\u015blone warto\u015bci twardo\u015bci.<\/li>\n<li>Rodzaje nakr\u0119tek i dopasowanie \u015brub: Kompatybilno\u015b\u0107 ze \u015brubami.<\/li>\n<li>Zagadnienia dotycz\u0105ce momentu obrotowego: Spostrze\u017cenia na temat stosowania momentu obrotowego.<\/li>\n<li>FAQ: Odpowiedzi na najcz\u0119stsze pytania zawodowe.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\">\n<h2 style=\"color: #333; font-size: 1.5em; border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd; padding-bottom: 10px;\">Wst\u0119p<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 15px;\">Norma GB\/T 3098.2-2015 okre\u015bla w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci mechaniczne i fizyczne nakr\u0119tek z gwintem grubozwojowym wykonanych ze stali w\u0119glowej lub stopowej, testowanych w temperaturze otoczenia od 10\u00b0C do 35\u00b0C. Ma ona kluczowe znaczenie dla zapewnienia niezawodno\u015bci i bezpiecze\u0144stwa zespo\u0142\u00f3w element\u00f3w z\u0142\u0105cznych w takich bran\u017cach jak budownictwo, motoryzacja i produkcja maszyn.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 15px;\">Norma ta koncentruje si\u0119 na obci\u0105\u017ceniach pr\u00f3bnych, twardo\u015bci i specyfikacjach materia\u0142owych, aby zapobiec awariom pod obci\u0105\u017ceniem. In\u017cynierowie powinni stosowa\u0107 te wytyczne podczas projektowania i kontroli jako\u015bci, aby dopasowa\u0107 nakr\u0119tki do odpowiednich \u015brub, optymalizuj\u0105c wydajno\u015b\u0107 i trwa\u0142o\u015b\u0107 zespo\u0142u.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\">\n<h2 style=\"color: #333; font-size: 1.5em; border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd; padding-bottom: 10px;\">Przybory<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 15px;\">Nakr\u0119tki powinny by\u0107 produkowane ze stali w\u0119glowej o okre\u015blonym sk\u0142adzie chemicznym, aby uzyska\u0107 wymagane w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci mechaniczne. Obr\u00f3bka cieplna, taka jak hartowanie i odpuszczanie, jest obowi\u0105zkowa w przypadku wy\u017cszych klas w\u0142asno\u015bci, aby zapewni\u0107 wystarczaj\u0105c\u0105 hartowno\u015b\u0107, co skutkuje powstaniem struktury martenzytu o g\u0119sto\u015bci oko\u0142o 90% w cz\u0119\u015bci gwintowanej przed odpuszczaniem.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 15px;\">Kluczowe kwestie przy wyborze materia\u0142\u00f3w:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px;\">\n<li>Ogranicz zawarto\u015b\u0107 w\u0119gla, aby kontrolowa\u0107 twardo\u015b\u0107 i krucho\u015b\u0107.<\/li>\n<li>Utrzymuj minimaln\u0105 ilo\u015b\u0107 manganu, aby zapewni\u0107 wytrzyma\u0142o\u015b\u0107 i hartowno\u015b\u0107.<\/li>\n<li>Ogranicz u\u017cycie fosforu i siarki, aby unikn\u0105\u0107 krucho\u015bci.<\/li>\n<li>Zastosuj hartowanie i odpuszczanie dla klas 05, 8 (D&gt; M16), 10 i 12.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"table-container\" style=\"overflow-x: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\">\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center; font-size: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 10px;\">Sk\u0142ad chemiczny<\/h3>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; margin-bottom: 20px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f2f2f2;\">\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\" colspan=\"2\">Klasa nieruchomo\u015bci<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Tworzywo<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Obr\u00f3bka cieplna<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">C (%) maks.<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Mn (%) min<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Maksymalny P (%)<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">S (%) maks.<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\" colspan=\"2\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Stal w\u0119glowa<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Fakultatywny<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">0.58<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">0.25<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">0.060<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">0.150<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\" colspan=\"2\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Stal w\u0119glowa<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Hartowane i odpuszczane<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">0.58<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">0.3<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">0.048<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">0.058<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\" colspan=\"2\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Stal w\u0119glowa<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Fakultatywny<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">0.58<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">–<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">0.060<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">0.150<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\" colspan=\"2\">6<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Stal w\u0119glowa<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Fakultatywny<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">0.58<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">–<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">0.060<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">0.150<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">8<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Styl 2<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Stal w\u0119glowa<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Fakultatywny<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">0.58<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">0.25<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">0.060<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">0.150<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">8<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Styl 1 D \u2264 M16<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Stal w\u0119glowa<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Fakultatywny<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">0.58<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">0.25<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">0.060<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">0.150<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">8<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Styl 1 D &gt; M16<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Stal w\u0119glowa<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Hartowane i odpuszczane<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">0.58<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">0.3<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">0.048<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">0.058<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\" colspan=\"2\">10<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Stal w\u0119glowa<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Hartowane i odpuszczane<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">0.58<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">0.3<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">0.048<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">0.058<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\" colspan=\"2\">12<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Stal w\u0119glowa<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Hartowane i odpuszczane<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">0.58<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">0.45<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">0.048<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">0.058<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 15px;\">Uwaga: W przypadku klas wymagaj\u0105cych hartowania i odpuszczania materia\u0142y musz\u0105 charakteryzowa\u0107 si\u0119 odpowiedni\u0105 hartowno\u015bci\u0105. Sk\u0142ad chemiczny nale\u017cy ocenia\u0107 zgodnie z odpowiednimi normami.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\">\n<h2 style=\"color: #333; font-size: 1.5em; border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd; padding-bottom: 10px;\">W\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci mechaniczne<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 15px;\">Nakr\u0119tki musz\u0105 wytrzymywa\u0107 okre\u015blone obci\u0105\u017cenia pr\u00f3bne bez uszkodzenia, co stanowi maksymalne bezpieczne obci\u0105\u017cenie w po\u0142\u0105czeniach mechanicznych. Warto\u015bci te zapewniaj\u0105 integralno\u015b\u0107 strukturaln\u0105 pod wp\u0142ywem rozci\u0105gania.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 15px;\">Wskaz\u00f3wki dotycz\u0105ce sk\u0142adania wniosk\u00f3w:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px;\">\n<li>Wybierz klas\u0119 w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci w oparciu o wymagania dotycz\u0105ce obci\u0105\u017cenia zespo\u0142u.<\/li>\n<li>Sprawd\u017a obci\u0105\u017cenia pr\u00f3bne poprzez przeprowadzenie test\u00f3w w temperaturze otoczenia.<\/li>\n<li>Nale\u017cy wzi\u0105\u0107 pod uwag\u0119 takie czynniki, jak zaanga\u017cowanie gwintu i kompatybilno\u015b\u0107 materia\u0142\u00f3w.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"table-container\" style=\"overflow-x: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\">\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center; font-size: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 10px;\">Obci\u0105\u017cenia pr\u00f3bne (N)<\/h3>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; margin-bottom: 20px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f2f2f2;\">\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Nitka<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Poziom<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">04<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">05<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">5<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">6<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">8<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">10<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">12<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">M5<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">0.8<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">5400<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">7100<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">8250<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">9500<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">12140<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">14800<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">16300<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">M6<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">7640<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">10000<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">11700<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">13500<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">17200<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">20900<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">23100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">M7<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">11000<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">14500<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">16800<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">19400<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">24700<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">30100<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">33200<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">M8<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">1.25<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">13900<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">18300<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">21600<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">24900<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">31800<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">38100<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">42500<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">M10<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">1.5<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">22000<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">29000<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">34200<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">39400<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">50500<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">60300<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">67300<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">M12<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">1.75<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">32000<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">42200<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">51400<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">59000<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">74200<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">88500<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">100300<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">M14<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">43700<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">57500<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">70200<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">80500<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">101200<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">120800<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">136900<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">M16<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">59700<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">78500<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">95800<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">109900<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">138200<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">164900<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">186800<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">M18<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">2.5<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">73000<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">96000<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">121000<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">138200<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">176600<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">203500<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">230400<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">M20<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">2.5<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">93100<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">122500<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">154400<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">176400<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">225400<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">259700<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">294000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">M22<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">2.5<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">115100<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">151500<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">190900<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">218200<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">278800<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">321200<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">363600<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">M24<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">134100<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">176500<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">222400<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">254200<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">324800<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">374200<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">423600<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">M27<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">174400<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">229500<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">289200<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">330500<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">422300<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">486500<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">550800<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">M30<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">3.5<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">213200<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">280500<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">353400<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">403900<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">516100<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">594700<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">673200<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">M33<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">3.5<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">263700<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">347000<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">437200<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">499700<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">638500<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">735600<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">832800<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">M36<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">310500<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">408500<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">514700<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">588200<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">751600<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">866000<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">980400<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">M39<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">370900<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">488000<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">614900<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">702700<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">897900<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">1035000<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">1171000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 15px;\">Uwaga: Obci\u0105\u017cenie pr\u00f3bne okre\u015bla przybli\u017con\u0105 minimaln\u0105 wytrzyma\u0142o\u015b\u0107 na rozci\u0105ganie, jak\u0105 nakr\u0119tka mo\u017ce wytrzyma\u0107.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\">\n<h2 style=\"color: #333; font-size: 1.5em; border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd; padding-bottom: 10px;\">Wymagania dotycz\u0105ce twardo\u015bci<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 15px;\">Twardo\u015b\u0107 zapewnia odporno\u015b\u0107 na odkszta\u0142cenia i zachowanie integralno\u015bci nakr\u0119tek pod obci\u0105\u017ceniem. Warto\u015bci podano w skalach Vickersa (HV), Brinella (HB) i Rockwella (HRC), z przeliczeniami zgodnie z norm\u0105 ISO 18265.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 15px;\">Porady praktyczne:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px;\">\n<li>Aby zapewni\u0107 dok\u0142adno\u015b\u0107, nale\u017cy stosowa\u0107 test Vickersa z obci\u0105\u017ceniem minimalnym 98 N.<\/li>\n<li>Nale\u017cy dostosowa\u0107 do rozmiaru nakr\u0119tki; dla D &gt; M16 obowi\u0105zuj\u0105 inne warto\u015bci minimalne.<\/li>\n<li>Sprawd\u017a, czy obr\u00f3bka cieplna po obr\u00f3bce spe\u0142nia wymagania klasy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"table-container\" style=\"overflow-x: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\">\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center; font-size: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 10px;\">Wymagania dotycz\u0105ce twardo\u015bci<\/h3>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; margin-bottom: 20px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f2f2f2;\">\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\">Nitka<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\" colspan=\"2\">04<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\" colspan=\"2\">05<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\" colspan=\"2\">5<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\" colspan=\"2\">6<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\" colspan=\"2\">8<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\" colspan=\"2\">10<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\" colspan=\"2\">12<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f2f2f2;\">\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Min<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Maksym<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Min<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Maksym<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Min<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Maksym<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Min<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Maksym<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Min<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Maksym<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Min<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Maksym<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Min<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Maksym<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">M5 \u2264 D \u2264 M16<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\" rowspan=\"2\">Wysokiego napi\u0119cia<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">188<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">302<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">272<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">353<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">130<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">302<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">150<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">302<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">200<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">302<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">272<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">353<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">295<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">353<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">M16 &lt; D \u2264 M39<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">188<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">302<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">272<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">353<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">146<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">302<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">170<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">302<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">233<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">353<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">272<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">353<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">272<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">353<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">M5 \u2264 D \u2264 M16<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\" rowspan=\"2\">HB<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">179<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">287<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">259<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">336<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">124<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">287<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">143<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">287<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">190<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">287<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">259<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">336<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">280<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">336<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">M16 &lt; D \u2264 M39<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">179<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">287<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">259<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">336<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">139<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">287<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">162<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">287<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">221<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">336<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">259<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">336<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">259<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">336<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">M5 \u2264 D \u2264 M16<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\" rowspan=\"2\">Rada Praw Cz\u0142owieka<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">–<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">30<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">26<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">36<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">–<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">30<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">–<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">30<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">–<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">30<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">26<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">36<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">29<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">36<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">M16 &lt; D \u2264 M39<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">–<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">30<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">26<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">36<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">–<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">30<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">–<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">30<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">–<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">36<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">26<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">36<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">26<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">36<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 15px;\">Uwagi: Dla nakr\u0119tek typu 2 w klasie 8 minimalna twardo\u015b\u0107 wynosi 180 HV (171 HB). Dla nakr\u0119tek typu 10 w klasie 2 twardo\u015b\u0107 wynosi 302 HV (287 HB, 30 HRC). Dla nakr\u0119tek typu 12 w klasie 2 twardo\u015b\u0107 wynosi 272 HV (259 HB, 26 HRC).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\">\n<h2 style=\"color: #333; font-size: 1.5em; border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd; padding-bottom: 10px;\">Rodzaje nakr\u0119tek i dopasowanie \u015brub<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 15px;\">Nakr\u0119tki s\u0105 klasyfikowane wed\u0142ug typ\u00f3w (0 cienkie, 1 standard, 2 wysokie) wed\u0142ug okre\u015blonych zakres\u00f3w \u015brednic i kompatybilnych klas \u015brub, co zapewnia wytrzyma\u0142o\u015b\u0107 monta\u017cu i zapobiega zerwaniu lub uszkodzeniu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 15px;\">Zalecenia dotycz\u0105ce dopasowania:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px;\">\n<li>Jako nakr\u0119tek zabezpieczaj\u0105cych nale\u017cy u\u017cywa\u0107 cienkich nakr\u0119tek (styl 0) ze standardow\u0105 lub wysok\u0105 nakr\u0119tk\u0105, najpierw dokr\u0119caj\u0105c cienkie nakr\u0119tki.<\/li>\n<li>Dopasuj klas\u0119 nakr\u0119tki do maksymalnej klasy wytrzyma\u0142o\u015bci \u015bruby, aby uzyska\u0107 optymalne napi\u0119cie wst\u0119pne.<\/li>\n<li>We\u017a pod uwag\u0119 skok gwintu w przypadku zastosowa\u0144 drobnozwojowych i grubozwojowych.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"table-container\" style=\"overflow-x: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\">\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center; font-size: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 10px;\">Rodzaje nakr\u0119tek, \u015brednice i dopasowanie \u015brub<\/h3>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; margin-bottom: 20px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f2f2f2;\">\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Klasa nieruchomo\u015bci<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">04<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">05<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">5<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">6<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">8<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">10<\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">12<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Styl 1 (Standardowy)<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">–<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">–<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">M5\u2264D\u2264M39 \/ M8x1\u2264D\u2264M39x3<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">M5\u2264D\u2264M39 \/ M8x1\u2264D\u2264M39x3<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">M5\u2264D\u2264M39 \/ M8x1\u2264D\u2264M39x3<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">M5\u2264D\u2264M39 \/ M8x1\u2264D\u2264M16x1,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">M5\u2264D\u2264M16<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Styl 2 (wysoki)<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">–<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">–<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">–<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">–<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">M16\u2264D\u2264M39 \/ M8x1\u2264D\u2264M16x1,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">M5\u2264D\u2264M39 \/ M8x1\u2264D\u2264M39x3<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">M5\u2264D\u2264M39 \/ M8x1\u2264D\u2264M16x1,5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Styl 0 (cienki)<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">M5\u2264D\u2264M39 \/ M8x1\u2264D\u2264M39x3<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">M5\u2264D\u2264M39 \/ M8x1\u2264D\u2264M39x3<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">–<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">–<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">–<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">–<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">Pasuj\u0105cy Bolt Max Class<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">–<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">–<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">5.8<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">6.8<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">8.8<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">10.9<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">12.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\">\n<h2 style=\"color: #333; font-size: 1.5em; border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd; padding-bottom: 10px;\">Rozwa\u017cania dotycz\u0105ce momentu obrotowego<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 15px;\">Norma nie okre\u015bla momentu zrywaj\u0105cego dla nakr\u0119tek, zgodnie z normami ISO 898-2 i DIN 267-24, aby unikn\u0105\u0107 pomy\u0142ki mi\u0119dzy momentem obrotowym a napi\u0119ciem wst\u0119pnym jako punktami odniesienia projektowego. Zamiast tego nale\u017cy skupi\u0107 si\u0119 na obci\u0105\u017ceniach pr\u00f3bnych, wytrzyma\u0142o\u015bci zm\u0119czeniowej i twardo\u015bci dla zapewnienia niezawodno\u015bci po\u0142\u0105cze\u0144.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 15px;\">W praktyce moment obrotowy przy\u0142o\u017cony do nakr\u0119tek lub \u015brub w zespo\u0142ach cz\u0119\u015bciowo przek\u0142ada si\u0119 na si\u0142\u0119 zacisku, na kt\u00f3r\u0105 wp\u0142ywa tarcie, \u015brodki smarne i komponenty takie jak podk\u0142adki. Dla por\u00f3wnania, nale\u017cy rozwa\u017cy\u0107 warto\u015bci momentu obrotowego dla \u015brub o tej samej \u015brednicy i tej samej klasie, ale zawsze priorytetowo traktowa\u0107 obliczenia in\u017cynierskie dla konkretnych zastosowa\u0144.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\">\n<h2 style=\"color: #333; font-size: 1.5em; border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd; padding-bottom: 10px;\">Cz\u0119sto zadawane pytania<\/h2>\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: decimal; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px;\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 15px;\"><strong>Dlaczego hartowanie i odpuszczanie jest wymagane w przypadku orzech\u00f3w wy\u017cszych klas?<\/strong><br \/>\nPoprawia hartowno\u015b\u0107, zapewniaj\u0105c struktur\u0119 martenzytyczn\u0105, kt\u00f3ra zwi\u0119ksza wytrzyma\u0142o\u015b\u0107 i odporno\u015b\u0107 na odkszta\u0142cenia pod du\u017cym obci\u0105\u017ceniem, zgodnie z wymaganiami podanymi w Tabeli 3.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 15px;\"><strong>Jak nale\u017cy stosowa\u0107 cienkie nakr\u0119tki (styl 0) w zespo\u0142ach?<\/strong><br \/>\nZ\u0142\u00f3\u017c jak nakr\u0119tki zabezpieczaj\u0105ce ze standardow\u0105 lub wysok\u0105 nakr\u0119tk\u0105; najpierw dokr\u0119\u0107 cienk\u0105 nakr\u0119tk\u0119 do elementu, a nast\u0119pnie dokr\u0119\u0107 do niej nakr\u0119tk\u0119 zewn\u0119trzn\u0105, aby zapobiec jej poluzowaniu.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 15px;\"><strong>Co si\u0119 stanie, je\u015bli twardo\u015b\u0107 orzecha przekroczy okre\u015blon\u0105 maksymaln\u0105 warto\u015b\u0107?<\/strong><br \/>\nNadmierna twardo\u015b\u0107 mo\u017ce wskazywa\u0107 na ryzyko nadmiernego odpuszczenia, co mo\u017ce prowadzi\u0107 do krucho\u015bci. Nale\u017cy powt\u00f3rzy\u0107 testy lub odrzuci\u0107 partie, aby zachowa\u0107 zgodno\u015b\u0107 z ograniczeniami podanymi w Tabeli 6 i zachowa\u0107 ci\u0105gliwo\u015b\u0107.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 15px;\"><strong>Czy nakr\u0119tki mo\u017cna stosowa\u0107 ze \u015brubami o ni\u017cszej klasie wytrzyma\u0142o\u015bci?<\/strong><br \/>\nTak, ale nale\u017cy dostosowa\u0107 je do maksymalnej klasy \u015bruby zgodnie z norm\u0105, aby unikn\u0105\u0107 niedostatecznego wykorzystania; zawsze nale\u017cy sprawdzi\u0107 wst\u0119pne napi\u0119cie zespo\u0142u i wytrzyma\u0142o\u015b\u0107 zm\u0119czeniow\u0105.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 15px;\"><strong>Jak dok\u0142adnie sprawdzi\u0107 obci\u0105\u017cenie pr\u00f3bne nakr\u0119tek?<\/strong><br \/>\nZastosuj metody podane w punkcie 9 w temperaturze 10\u00b0C\u201335\u00b0C; przy\u0142\u00f3\u017c obci\u0105\u017cenie osiowe bez obrotu, zapewniaj\u0105c pe\u0142ne zaanga\u017cowanie gwintu, aby symulowa\u0107 rzeczywiste warunki.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 15px;\"><strong>Dlaczego limity fosforu i siarki s\u0105 bardziej rygorystyczne w przypadku klas gaszonych?<\/strong><br \/>\nNi\u017csze poziomy zapobiegaj\u0105 krucho\u015bci podczas obr\u00f3bki cieplnej, zwi\u0119kszaj\u0105c wytrzyma\u0142o\u015b\u0107 i niezawodno\u015b\u0107 w zastosowaniach poddawanych du\u017cym napr\u0119\u017ceniom.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Zarys artyku\u0142u Niniejszy artyku\u0142 oferuje kompleksowe om\u00f3wienie normy GB\/T 3098.2-2015, opracowanej z my\u015bl\u0105 o \u0142atwo\u015bci odniesienia i praktycznym zastosowaniu w in\u017cynierii: Wst\u0119p: Om\u00f3wienie i zastosowanie normy. Materia\u0142y: Wytyczne dotycz\u0105ce sk\u0142adu chemicznego i obr\u00f3bki cieplnej. W\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci mechaniczne: Wymagania dotycz\u0105ce obci\u0105\u017cenia pr\u00f3bnego. Wymagania dotycz\u0105ce twardo\u015bci: Okre\u015blone warto\u015bci twardo\u015bci. Rodzaje nakr\u0119tek i dopasowanie \u015brub: Zgodno\u015b\u0107 z [\u2026]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[220],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5723","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-technical-documentation-and-references"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5723","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5723"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5723\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5726,"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5723\/revisions\/5726"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5723"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5723"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5723"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}