\u091a\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e 2020 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915, \u092b\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0928\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f, \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0942 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0935\u0949\u0936\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0949\u0915 \u0935\u0949\u0936\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0930\u0964<\/p>\n
\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e GB\/T 1182 \u0914\u0930 GB\/T 16671 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
\n
3. \u092b\u094d\u0932\u0948\u091f \u0935\u0949\u0936\u0930 \u091f\u0949\u0932\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/h2>\n
\u0938\u0939\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0949\u0936\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u0947\u0902\u092c\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092b\u093f\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0922\u0940\u0932\u0947\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902: A (\u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915), C (\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f) \u0914\u0930 F (\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0915)\u0964 \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0925\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0928 \u0939\u094b, \u0938\u0939\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n
\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0926\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 (d) \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u09481<\/sub>), \u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 (d2<\/sub>), \u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0908 (t), \u091a\u0948\u092e\u094d\u092b\u0930 (c)1<\/sub>, \u0938\u09402<\/sub>), \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0924\u0932\u0924\u093e \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/p>\n
\n
4. \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u0938\u0939\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936<\/h2>\n4.1 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u091b\u0947\u0926 d
1<\/sub><\/div>\n <\/p>\n
\u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u091b\u0947\u0926 d \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0939\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e1<\/sub> \u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928-\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n| \u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0908<\/th>\n | \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0923\u0941\u0924\u093e<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n |
\n| \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n |
\n| F<\/th>\n | \u090f<\/th>\n | C<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n |
\n\n\u091f\u0940 < 2 \n2 \u2264 t < 4 \n\u091f\u0940 \u2265 4<\/td>\n | \u0921\u09401<\/sub> \n\u0938\u0939\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e<\/td>\n\u091f\u09401<\/sub> \n\u092e\u093f\u0928<\/td>\ne1<\/sub> \n\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e<\/td>\n\u0921\u09401<\/sub> \n\u0938\u0939\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e<\/td>\n\u091f\u09401<\/sub> \n\u092e\u093f\u0928<\/td>\ne1<\/sub> \n\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e<\/td>\n\u0921\u09401<\/sub> \n\u0938\u0939\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| \u090f\u091a12<\/td>\n | 0.5 \u091f\u0940<\/td>\n | 0.10 \u091f\u0940<\/td>\n | \u090f\u091a13<\/td>\n | 0.3 \u091f\u0940<\/td>\n | 0.15 \u091f\u0940<\/td>\n | \u090f\u091a14<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \u090f\u091a12<\/td>\n | 0.3 \u091f\u0940<\/td>\n | 0.15 \u091f\u0940<\/td>\n | \u090f\u091a13<\/td>\n | 0.25 \u091f\u0928<\/td>\n | 0.20 \u091f\u0928<\/td>\n | \u090f\u091a14<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \u090f\u091a13<\/td>\n | 0.2 \u091f\u0940<\/td>\n | 0.20 \u091f\u0928<\/td>\n | \u090f\u091a14<\/td>\n | 0.2 \u091f\u0940<\/td>\n | 0.25 \u091f\u0928<\/td>\n | \u090f\u091a15<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \u092c\u0941\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948<\/td>\n | \u0906\u0902\u0938\u0942 \u092a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 (\u09081<\/sub>), \u091f\u09401<\/sub> \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0941\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924 \u0939\u0948<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n\u091f\u09401<\/sub> \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u092d\u093e\u0917 d \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0938\u0939\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948?1<\/sub><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n4.2 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 d 2<\/sub><\/div>\n <\/p>\n \n\n\n| \u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0908<\/th>\n | \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0923\u0941\u0924\u093e<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| F<\/th>\n | \u090f<\/th>\n | C<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n | \n\n\u091f\u0940 < 2 \n2 \u2264 t < 4 \n\u091f\u0940 \u2265 4<\/td>\n | \u0921\u09402<\/sub> \n\u0938\u0939\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e<\/td>\ne2<\/sub> \n\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e<\/td>\n\u0921\u09402<\/sub> \n\u0938\u0939\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e<\/td>\ne2<\/sub> \n\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e<\/td>\n\u0921\u09402<\/sub> \n\u0938\u0939\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| \u090f\u091a13<\/td>\n | 0.13 \u091f\u0940<\/td>\n | \u090f\u091a14<\/td>\n | 0.18 \u091f\u0940<\/td>\n | \u090f\u091a16<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \u090f\u091a13<\/td>\n | 0.15 \u091f\u0940<\/td>\n | \u090f\u091a14<\/td>\n | 0.20 \u091f\u0928<\/td>\n | \u090f\u091a16<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \u090f\u091a14<\/td>\n | 0.18 \u091f\u0940<\/td>\n | \u090f\u091a15<\/td>\n | 0.25 \u091f\u0928<\/td>\n | \u090f\u091a16<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n\u092c\u0941\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u091f\u09402<\/sub> \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948<\/td>\n\u0906\u0902\u0938\u0942 \u092a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 (\u09082<\/sub>), \u091f\u09402<\/sub> \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0941\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924 \u0939\u0948<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n\u091f\u09402<\/sub> \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b d \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0938\u0939\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u09642<\/sub><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n4.3 \u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0908 t<\/div>\n \u0921\u093f\u092c\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n \n\n\n| \u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0908 t<\/th>\n | \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| F<\/th>\n | \u090f<\/th>\n | C<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n | \n\n| \u091f\u0940 \u2264 0.5<\/td>\n | \u00b10.04<\/td>\n | \u00b10.05<\/td>\n | \u00b10.10<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| 0.5 < t \u2264 1<\/td>\n | \u00b10.06<\/td>\n | \u00b10.10<\/td>\n | \u00b10.20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| 1 < t \u2264 2.5<\/td>\n | \u00b10.12<\/td>\n | \u00b10.20<\/td>\n | \u00b10.30<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| 2.5 < t \u2264 4<\/td>\n | \u00b10.16<\/td>\n | \u00b10.30<\/td>\n | \u00b10.60<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| 4 < t \u2264 6<\/td>\n | \u00b10.20<\/td>\n | \u00b10.60<\/td>\n | \u00b11.00<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| 6 < t \u2264 10<\/td>\n | \u00b10.24<\/td>\n | \u00b11.00<\/td>\n | \u00b11.20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| 10 < t \u2264 20<\/td>\n | \u00b10.28<\/td>\n | \u00b11.20<\/td>\n | \u00b11.60<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n4.4 \u091a\u0948\u092e\u094d\u092b\u0930<\/div>\n <\/p>\n \n\n\n| \u0928\u093e\u092e\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0908<\/th>\n | \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| F<\/th>\n | \u090f<\/th>\n | C<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n | \nc1<\/sub> \n\u092e\u093f\u0928<\/th>\nc2<\/sub> \n\u092e\u093f\u0928<\/th>\nc1<\/sub> \n\u092e\u093f\u0928<\/th>\nc2<\/sub> \n\u092e\u093f\u0928<\/th>\nc1<\/sub> \n\u092e\u093f\u0928<\/th>\nc2<\/sub> \n\u092e\u093f\u0928<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n\n\n| 1 \u2264 t < 2<\/td>\n | 0.20 \u091f\u0928<\/td>\n | 0.25 \u091f\u0928<\/td>\n | 0.20 \u091f\u0928<\/td>\n | 0.25 \u091f\u0928<\/td>\n | 0.20 \u091f\u0928<\/td>\n | 0.25 \u091f\u0928<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| 2 \u2264 t < 4<\/td>\n | 0.18 \u091f\u0940<\/td>\n | 0.22 \u091f\u0928<\/td>\n | 0.18 \u091f\u0940<\/td>\n | 0.22 \u091f\u0928<\/td>\n | 0.18 \u091f\u0940<\/td>\n | 0.22 \u091f\u0928<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \u091f\u0940 \u2265 4<\/td>\n | 0.15 \u091f\u0940<\/td>\n | 0.20 \u091f\u0928<\/td>\n | 0.15 \u091f\u0940<\/td>\n | 0.20 \u091f\u0928<\/td>\n | 0.15 \u091f\u0940<\/td>\n | 0.20 \u091f\u0928<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n4.4.3 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u093e\u0936\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/div>\n \u0916\u0930\u0940\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u092a\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0948\u092e\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u091a\u0948\u092e\u094d\u092b\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/p>\n 4.5 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0939\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e<\/div>\n \u0394t x = 0.1 (d) \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u09482<\/sub> - \u0921\u09401<\/sub>), \u092f\u093e\u0928\u0940, \u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u091a\u094c\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u093e 60%\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n| \u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0908 t<\/th>\n | \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| F<\/th>\n | \u090f<\/th>\n | C<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n | \n\u0394t \n\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e<\/th>\n | \u0394t \n\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e<\/th>\n | <\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n | \n\n| \u091f\u0940 \u2264 0.5<\/td>\n | 0.02<\/td>\n | 0.025<\/td>\n | \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u091c\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| 0.5 < t \u2264 1<\/td>\n | 0.03<\/td>\n | 0.05<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| 1 < t \u2264 2.5<\/td>\n | 0.06<\/td>\n | 0.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| 2.5 < t \u2264 4<\/td>\n | 0.08<\/td>\n | 0.15<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| 4 < t \u2264 6<\/td>\n | 0.1<\/td>\n | 0.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| 6 < t \u2264 10<\/td>\n | 0.12<\/td>\n | 0.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| 10 < t \u2264 20<\/td>\n | 0.14<\/td>\n | 0.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n4.5.2 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e y<\/div>\n \n\n\n| \u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0908 t<\/th>\n | \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| F<\/th>\n | \u090f<\/th>\n | C<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n | \ny \n\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e<\/th>\n | y \n\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e<\/th>\n | y \n\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n | \n\n| \u091f\u0940 < 2<\/td>\n | 2 \u0906\u0908\u091f\u094011<\/td>\n | 2 \u0906\u0908\u091f\u094012<\/td>\n | 2 \u0906\u0908\u091f\u094013<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| 2 \u2264 t \u2264 4<\/td>\n | 2 \u0906\u0908\u091f\u094012<\/td>\n | 2 \u0906\u0908\u091f\u094013<\/td>\n | 2 \u0906\u0908\u091f\u094014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \u091f\u0940 \u2265 4<\/td>\n | 2 \u0906\u0908\u091f\u094013<\/td>\n | 2 \u0906\u0908\u091f\u094014<\/td>\n | 2 \u0906\u0908\u091f\u094015<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 d \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0939\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e y2<\/sub><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n4.5.3 \u0938\u092e\u0924\u0932\u0924\u093e (\u0935\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923) z<\/div>\n \u0938\u092e\u0924\u0932\u0924\u093e z, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0908 h \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964\u0909\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902<\/sub> \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0908 t\u0909\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902<\/sub>\u0928\u094b\u091f: \u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u0939\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930; \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0921\u093f\u092c\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n| \u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0908 t<\/th>\n | \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| F<\/th>\n | \u090f<\/th>\n | C<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n | \nz \n\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e<\/th>\n | z \n\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e<\/th>\n | z \n\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n | \n\n| \u091f\u0940 \u2264 0.5<\/td>\n | 0.07<\/td>\n | 0.1<\/td>\n | 0.13<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| 0.5 < t \u2264 1<\/td>\n | 0.1<\/td>\n | 0.15<\/td>\n | 0.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| 1 < t \u2264 2.5<\/td>\n | 0.2<\/td>\n | 0.2<\/td>\n | 0.25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| 2.5 < t \u2264 4<\/td>\n | 0.3<\/td>\n | 0.3<\/td>\n | 0.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| 4 < t \u2264 6<\/td>\n | 0.4<\/td>\n | 0.4<\/td>\n | 0.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| 6 < t \u2264 10<\/td>\n | 0.6<\/td>\n | 0.6<\/td>\n | 0.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| 10 < t \u2264 20<\/td>\n | 1<\/td>\n | 1<\/td>\n | 1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n <\/p>\n \n 5. \u091c\u0940\u092c\u0940\/\u091f\u0940 3103.3-2020 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/h2>\n\u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u094b \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u0940\u0964 \u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0924\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u0916\u0941\u0930\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<\/div>\n <\/p>\n \n 6. \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/h2>\n\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0948\u092e\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u091f\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0948\u092e\u094d\u092b\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0926\u0947\u0916\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948; \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921-\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<\/div>\n <\/p>\n \n 7. \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u0940\u092c\u0940\/\u091f\u0940 3103.3-2020 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/h2>\n\u092f\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u092f\u0930\u094b\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0938 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921 \u090f \u0935\u0949\u0936\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<\/div>\n <\/p>\n \n 8. \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 (FAQ)<\/h2>\n\n \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921 A, C \u0914\u0930 F \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948?<\/h3>\n\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930, \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921 A \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0916\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0939\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921 C \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921 F \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e \u0938\u0939\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<\/div>\n \n \u0938\u0939\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u092c \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f?<\/h3>\n\u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0905\u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0921\u093f\u092c\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0924\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<\/div>\n \n \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0906\u0908\u090f\u0938\u0913 4759-3 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948?<\/h3>\nGB\/T 3103.3-2020 ISO 4759-3:2016 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092b\u094d\u0932\u0948\u091f \u0935\u0949\u0936\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<\/div>\n \n \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u094b \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e?<\/h3>\n\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926-\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0914\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<\/div>\n \n \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091a\u0948\u092e\u094d\u092b\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948?<\/h3>\n\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0940\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u091a\u0948\u092e\u094d\u092b\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u0949\u0936\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<\/div>\n \n \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902?<\/h3>\n\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902: \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f A, \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u092c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f C, \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f\u0964<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column] \n\t\t\t[\/et_pb_row] \n\t\t[\/et_pb_section]<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" GB\/T 3103.3-2020 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u0948\u091f \u0935\u0949\u0936\u0930 \u091f\u0949\u0932\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u0917\u093e\u0907\u0921: \u092b\u094d\u0932\u0948\u091f \u0935\u0949\u0936\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091f\u0949\u0932\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0938 1. \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f \u092b\u094d\u0932\u0948\u091f \u0935\u0949\u0936\u0930 \u092b\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947, \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0915\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u0947\u0902\u092c\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0916\u0902\u0921\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 GB\/T 3103.3-2020 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 1 \u092e\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0938\u0947 150 \u092e\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0928 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u0948\u091f \u0935\u0949\u0936\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091f\u0949\u0932\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921 A, [\u2026] \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":" \r\n\r\n\r\n GB\/T 3103.3-2020 Flat Washer Tolerances Guide<\/h1>\r\nTolerances for Flat Washers<\/div>\r\n\r\n \r\n 1. Introduction<\/h2>\r\nFlat washers play a critical role in fastening systems by distributing loads, preventing surface damage, and ensuring assembly integrity. The GB\/T 3103.3-2020 standard specifies tolerances for plain flat washers with nominal diameters from 1 mm to 150 mm, applicable to product grades A, C, and F. This standard is essential for maintaining precision in mechanical engineering, automotive, aerospace, and construction industries.\r\n\r\nAdopted from ISO 4759-3:2016, it ensures compatibility with international practices, promoting quality control and interchangeability. This guide details tolerances for inner hole, outer diameter, thickness, chamfers, and form\/position attributes, aiding engineers in design and procurement.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n 2. GB\/T 3103.3-2020 Standard Overview<\/h2>\r\nReleased in 2020 by the Standardization Administration of China, this standard updates previous versions to align with global advancements in fastener technology. It applies to plain washers used with bolts, screws, and nuts, excluding special types like lock washers.\r\n\r\nKey content includes dimensional tolerances before surface treatment, with provisions for deviations only when technically justified. Shape and position tolerances follow GB\/T 1182 and GB\/T 16671.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n 3. Basic Principles of Flat Washer Tolerances<\/h2>\r\nTolerances ensure washers fit precisely in assemblies, preventing failures due to misalignment or excessive play. They are defined for product grades: A (precision), C (general), and F (fine). Unless specified otherwise, tolerances apply pre-treatment.\r\n\r\nKey parameters include inner diameter (d1<\/sub>), outer diameter (d2<\/sub>), thickness (t), chamfers (c1<\/sub>, c2<\/sub>), and form tolerances like coaxiality and flatness.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n 4. Detailed Tolerance Specifications<\/h2>\r\n4.1 Inner Hole d 1<\/sub><\/div>\r\n \r\nTolerances for inner hole d1<\/sub> vary by thickness and product grade.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n| Thickness<\/th>\r\n | Tolerances<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n | \r\n| Product Grade<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n | \r\n| F<\/th>\r\n | A<\/th>\r\n | C<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n | \r\n\r\n| t < 2\r\n2 \u2264 t < 4\r\nt \u2265 4<\/td>\r\n | d1<\/sub>\r\nTolerance<\/td>\r\nt1<\/sub>\r\nmin<\/td>\r\ne1<\/sub>\r\nmax<\/td>\r\nd1<\/sub>\r\nTolerance<\/td>\r\nt1<\/sub>\r\nmin<\/td>\r\ne1<\/sub>\r\nmax<\/td>\r\nd1<\/sub>\r\nTolerance<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n\r\n| H12<\/td>\r\n | 0.5 t<\/td>\r\n | 0.10 t<\/td>\r\n | H13<\/td>\r\n | 0.3 t<\/td>\r\n | 0.15 t<\/td>\r\n | H14<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n | \r\n| H12<\/td>\r\n | 0.3 t<\/td>\r\n | 0.15 t<\/td>\r\n | H13<\/td>\r\n | 0.25 t<\/td>\r\n | 0.20 t<\/td>\r\n | H14<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n | \r\n| H13<\/td>\r\n | 0.2 t<\/td>\r\n | 0.20 t<\/td>\r\n | H14<\/td>\r\n | 0.2 t<\/td>\r\n | 0.25 t<\/td>\r\n | H15<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n | \r\n| Burring not defined but permitted<\/td>\r\n | Tear band (e1<\/sub>), t1<\/sub> and burring not defined but permitted<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n\r\nt1<\/sub> is the portion of the hole within the specified tolerance of d1<\/sub><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n4.2 Outer Diameter d 2<\/sub><\/div>\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n| Thickness<\/th>\r\n | Tolerances<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n | \r\n| Product Grade<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n | \r\n| F<\/th>\r\n | A<\/th>\r\n | C<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n | \r\n\r\n| t < 2\r\n2 \u2264 t < 4\r\nt \u2265 4<\/td>\r\n | d2<\/sub>\r\nTolerance<\/td>\r\ne2<\/sub>\r\nmax<\/td>\r\nd2<\/sub>\r\nTolerance<\/td>\r\ne2<\/sub>\r\nmax<\/td>\r\nd2<\/sub>\r\nTolerance<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n\r\n| h13<\/td>\r\n | 0.13 t<\/td>\r\n | h14<\/td>\r\n | 0.18 t<\/td>\r\n | h16<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n | \r\n| h13<\/td>\r\n | 0.15 t<\/td>\r\n | h14<\/td>\r\n | 0.20 t<\/td>\r\n | h16<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n | \r\n| h14<\/td>\r\n | 0.18 t<\/td>\r\n | h15<\/td>\r\n | 0.25 t<\/td>\r\n | h16<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n | \r\nBurring and t2<\/sub> not defined but permitted<\/td>\r\nTear band (e2<\/sub>), t2<\/sub> and burring not defined but permitted<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n\r\nt2<\/sub> is the portion of the outer diameter within the specified tolerance of d2<\/sub><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n4.3 Thickness t<\/div>\r\n Thickness tolerances measured after deburring.<\/p>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n| Thickness t<\/th>\r\n | Product Grade<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n | \r\n| F<\/th>\r\n | A<\/th>\r\n | C<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n | \r\n\r\n| t \u2264 0.5<\/td>\r\n | \u00b10.04<\/td>\r\n | \u00b10.05<\/td>\r\n | \u00b10.10<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n | \r\n| 0.5 < t \u2264 1<\/td>\r\n | \u00b10.06<\/td>\r\n | \u00b10.10<\/td>\r\n | \u00b10.20<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n | \r\n| 1 < t \u2264 2.5<\/td>\r\n | \u00b10.12<\/td>\r\n | \u00b10.20<\/td>\r\n | \u00b10.30<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n | \r\n| 2.5 < t \u2264 4<\/td>\r\n | \u00b10.16<\/td>\r\n | \u00b10.30<\/td>\r\n | \u00b10.60<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n | \r\n| 4 < t \u2264 6<\/td>\r\n | \u00b10.20<\/td>\r\n | \u00b10.60<\/td>\r\n | \u00b11.00<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n | \r\n| 6 < t \u2264 10<\/td>\r\n | \u00b10.24<\/td>\r\n | \u00b11.00<\/td>\r\n | \u00b11.20<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n | \r\n| 10 < t \u2264 20<\/td>\r\n | \u00b10.28<\/td>\r\n | \u00b11.20<\/td>\r\n | \u00b11.60<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n4.4 Chamfers<\/div>\r\n \r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n| Nominal Thickness<\/th>\r\n | Product Grade<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n | \r\n| F<\/th>\r\n | A<\/th>\r\n | C<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n | \r\nc1<\/sub>\r\nmin<\/th>\r\nc2<\/sub>\r\nmin<\/th>\r\nc1<\/sub>\r\nmin<\/th>\r\nc2<\/sub>\r\nmin<\/th>\r\nc1<\/sub>\r\nmin<\/th>\r\nc2<\/sub>\r\nmin<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n\r\n\r\n| 1 \u2264 t < 2<\/td>\r\n | 0.20 t<\/td>\r\n | 0.25 t<\/td>\r\n | 0.20 t<\/td>\r\n | 0.25 t<\/td>\r\n | 0.20 t<\/td>\r\n | 0.25 t<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n | \r\n| 2 \u2264 t < 4<\/td>\r\n | 0.18 t<\/td>\r\n | 0.22 t<\/td>\r\n | 0.18 t<\/td>\r\n | 0.22 t<\/td>\r\n | 0.18 t<\/td>\r\n | 0.22 t<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n | \r\n| t \u2265 4<\/td>\r\n | 0.15 t<\/td>\r\n | 0.20 t<\/td>\r\n | 0.15 t<\/td>\r\n | 0.20 t<\/td>\r\n | 0.15 t<\/td>\r\n | 0.20 t<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n4.4.3 Combined Washers Supplementary Requirements<\/div>\r\nUpon buyer request, chamfer position relative to stamping deviations should be specified in the order.\r\n 4.5 Form and Position Tolerances<\/div>\r\n \u0394t applies outside x = 0.1 (d2<\/sub> - d1<\/sub>), i.e., 60% of ring width.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n| Thickness t<\/th>\r\n | Product Grade<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n | \r\n| F<\/th>\r\n | A<\/th>\r\n | C<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n | \r\n| \u0394t\r\nmax<\/th>\r\n | \u0394t\r\nmax<\/th>\r\n | <\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n | \r\n\r\n| t \u2264 0.5<\/td>\r\n | 0.02<\/td>\r\n | 0.025<\/td>\r\n | No requirement<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n | \r\n| 0.5 < t \u2264 1<\/td>\r\n | 0.03<\/td>\r\n | 0.05<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n | \r\n| 1 < t \u2264 2.5<\/td>\r\n | 0.06<\/td>\r\n | 0.1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n | \r\n| 2.5 < t \u2264 4<\/td>\r\n | 0.08<\/td>\r\n | 0.15<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n | \r\n| 4 < t \u2264 6<\/td>\r\n | 0.1<\/td>\r\n | 0.2<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n | \r\n| 6 < t \u2264 10<\/td>\r\n | 0.12<\/td>\r\n | 0.3<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n | \r\n| 10 < t \u2264 20<\/td>\r\n | 0.14<\/td>\r\n | 0.4<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n4.5.2 Coaxiality y<\/div>\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n| Thickness t<\/th>\r\n | Product Grade<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n | \r\n| F<\/th>\r\n | A<\/th>\r\n | C<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n | \r\n| y\r\nmax<\/th>\r\n | y\r\nmax<\/th>\r\n | y\r\nmax<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n | \r\n\r\n| t < 2<\/td>\r\n | 2 IT11<\/td>\r\n | 2 IT12<\/td>\r\n | 2 IT13<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n | \r\n| 2 \u2264 t \u2264 4<\/td>\r\n | 2 IT12<\/td>\r\n | 2 IT13<\/td>\r\n | 2 IT14<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n | \r\n| t \u2265 4<\/td>\r\n | 2 IT13<\/td>\r\n | 2 IT14<\/td>\r\n | 2 IT15<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n | \r\nTolerance y based on diameter d2<\/sub><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n4.5.3 Flatness (Deflection) z<\/div>\r\n Flatness z is the difference between effective height heff<\/sub> and effective thickness teff<\/sub>. Note: Independent of thickness tolerance; additional processes like grinding may reduce deflection. Measured after deburring.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n| Thickness t<\/th>\r\n | Product Grade<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n | \r\n| F<\/th>\r\n | A<\/th>\r\n | C<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n | \r\n| z\r\nmax<\/th>\r\n | z\r\nmax<\/th>\r\n | z\r\nmax<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n | \r\n\r\n| t \u2264 0.5<\/td>\r\n | 0.07<\/td>\r\n | 0.1<\/td>\r\n | 0.13<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n | \r\n| 0.5 < t \u2264 1<\/td>\r\n | 0.1<\/td>\r\n | 0.15<\/td>\r\n | 0.2<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n | \r\n| 1 < t \u2264 2.5<\/td>\r\n | 0.2<\/td>\r\n | 0.2<\/td>\r\n | 0.25<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n | \r\n| 2.5 < t \u2264 4<\/td>\r\n | 0.3<\/td>\r\n | 0.3<\/td>\r\n | 0.3<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n | \r\n| 4 < t \u2264 6<\/td>\r\n | 0.4<\/td>\r\n | 0.4<\/td>\r\n | 0.4<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n | \r\n| 6 < t \u2264 10<\/td>\r\n | 0.6<\/td>\r\n | 0.6<\/td>\r\n | 0.6<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n | \r\n| 10 < t \u2264 20<\/td>\r\n | 1<\/td>\r\n | 1<\/td>\r\n | 1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n 5. Key Requirements in GB\/T 3103.3-2020<\/h2>\r\nTolerances must be verified pre-surface treatment. Product standards take precedence if differing. Measurements for thickness and flatness occur post-deburring to ensure accuracy.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n 6. Precision and Error Analysis<\/h2>\r\nErrors may arise from manufacturing processes like stamping, leading to burring or coaxiality issues. Improve accuracy via precise tooling and post-processing. Common errors include ignoring chamfer specs; resolve by adhering to grade-specific tables.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n 7. Impact of GB\/T 3103.3-2020 on Industry<\/h2>\r\nThis standard enhances material research by standardizing tolerances, aids quality control in manufacturing, and supports applications in high-precision sectors like aerospace, where grade A washers ensure reliability.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n 8. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)<\/h2>\r\n\r\n What is the difference between product grades A, C, and F?<\/h3>\r\nGrade A offers the tightest tolerances for precision applications, C for general use, and F for fine tolerances in specific scenarios, as detailed in the tables.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n When should tolerances be measured?<\/h3>\r\nTolerances apply before surface treatment, with thickness and flatness measured after deburring to avoid inaccuracies from manufacturing artifacts.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |