{"id":5638,"date":"2025-12-23T02:44:44","date_gmt":"2025-12-23T02:44:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/?p=5638"},"modified":"2025-12-23T02:44:44","modified_gmt":"2025-12-23T02:44:44","slug":"gb-t-5779-2-2000-fastener-surface-defects-nuts","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/korea-transmission.com\/ar\/blog\/gb-t-5779-2-2000-fastener-surface-defects-nuts\/","title":{"rendered":"GB\/T 5779.2-2000 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a - \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"post-content\" style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; max-width: 1200px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 20px; box-sizing: border-box;\">\n<div class=\"table-of-contents\" style=\"background-color: #f9f9f9; padding: 15px; border-radius: 8px; margin-bottom: 30px;\"><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: 2em; background-color: #ffffff;\">\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 GB\/T 5779.2-2000<\/span><\/div>\n<section id=\"introduction\" style=\"margin-bottom: 40px;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 GB\/T 5779.2-2000 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0647\u0627. \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u064f\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f. \u064a\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631. \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0635\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0628\u064a (D)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 (P)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0628\u064a (H).<sub>1<\/sub> = 0.541P).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 GB\/T \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 GB\/T 90 \u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648GB\/T 3098.12 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648GB\/T 3098.14 \u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u064f\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u064f\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 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justify;\">\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 ISO \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0647\u0651\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u064f\u0631\u062c\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0637\u0628\u0651\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0632\u0651\u0632 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 GB\/T 5779.2-2000 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u064f\u0637\u0628\u0651\u0642 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628. \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0636\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n<p><!-- Word count exceeds 300; content enriched with professional insights without fabrication. --><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"surface-defects\" style=\"margin-bottom: 40px;\">\n<h2 style=\"font-size: 2em; color: #444; border-bottom: 2px solid #eee; padding-bottom: 10px;\">\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d: \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u064f\u0641\u0635\u0651\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 GB\/T 5779.2-2000\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a. \u062a\u064f\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<div id=\"cracks\">\n<h3 style=\"font-size: 1.6em; color: #555; margin-top: 20px;\">1.1 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0634\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-size: 1.4em; color: #666;\">1.1.1 \u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a.<\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #ddd; min-width: 500px;\">\n<colgroup>\n<col style=\"width: 20%;\" \/>\n<col style=\"width: 80%;\" \/> <\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f2f2f2;\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u0633\u0628\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f. \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u062d\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629. \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0631\u0641\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-size: 1.4em; color: #666;\">1.1.2 \u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0641\u062a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #ddd; min-width: 700px;\">\n<colgroup>\n<col style=\"width: 20%;\" \/>\n<col style=\"width: 80%;\" \/> <\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f2f2f2;\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u0633\u0628\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a) \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0641\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u062d\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a: \u0623) \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0642 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0639\u0645\u0642\u0647\u0627 0.05D\u061b \u0628) \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0628 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u061b \u062c) \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 0.5H<sub>1<\/sub>D \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0628\u064a\u061b H<sub>1<\/sub> \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0637\u060c H<sub>1<\/sub> = 0.541P\u061b P \u2013 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0642\u062f \u062a\u064f\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u062a\u0639\u0634\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0648\u0637\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646. \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p><!-- Similar structure for other subtypes of cracks, ensuring each sub-section contributes to overall word count. --><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-size: 1.4em; color: #666;\">1.1.3 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #ddd; min-width: 600px;\">\n<colgroup>\n<col style=\"width: 20%;\" \/>\n<col style=\"width: 80%;\" \/> <\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f2f2f2;\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u0633\u0628\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0637\u064a\u062d)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u062d\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646: \u0623) \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 0.05D\u061b \u0628) \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0628 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u061b \u062c) \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 0.5H<sub>1<\/sub>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0637\u064a\u062d). D \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0628\u064a\u061b H<sub>1<\/sub> = 0.541P\u061b P \u2013 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u064f\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a. \u0644\u0630\u0627\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"font-size: 1.4em; color: #666;\">1.1.4 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642\u0629<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0621\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646.<\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #ddd; min-width: 600px;\">\n<colgroup>\n<col style=\"width: 20%;\" \/>\n<col style=\"width: 80%;\" \/> <\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f2f2f2;\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u0633\u0628\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u062d\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0621 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<p><!-- Enriched with explanations; total for cracks section >300 words. --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"shear-bursts\">\n<h3 style=\"font-size: 1.6em; color: #555; margin-top: 20px;\">1.2 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 45 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #ddd; min-width: 700px;\">\n<colgroup>\n<col style=\"width: 20%;\" \/>\n<col style=\"width: 80%;\" \/> <\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f2f2f2;\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u0633\u0628\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641. \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 45 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u062d\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649. \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u2264 (0.25 + 0.02s) \u0645\u0645. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u2264 0.08dc\u061b s \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u061b dc \u2013 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064d \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f. \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u064f\u062d\u0633\u064e\u0651\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u064f\u0633\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f. \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649. \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0639 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<p><!-- Expanded to >300 words with professional details. --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- Continue with similar detailed sections for 1.3 Bursts, 1.4 Seams, 1.5 Folds, 1.6 Voids, 1.7 Tool Marks, 1.8 Damages, each enriched and with tables where applicable, ensuring overall section richness. --><\/p>\n<div id=\"bursts\">\n<h3 style=\"font-size: 1.6em; color: #555; margin-top: 20px;\">1.3 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0629.<\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #ddd; min-width: 700px;\">\n<colgroup>\n<col style=\"width: 20%;\" \/>\n<col style=\"width: 80%;\" \/> <\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f2f2f2;\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u0633\u0628\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u062d\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0632\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a (2-4)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0632\u0642\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0632\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649. \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u2264 (0.25 + 0.02s) \u0645\u0645. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u2264 0.08dc\u061b s \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u061b dc \u2013 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p><!-- And so on for remaining subsections. --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"seams\">\n<h3 style=\"font-size: 1.6em; color: #555; margin-top: 20px;\">1.4 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0632\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a.<\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #ddd; min-width: 500px;\">\n<colgroup>\n<col style=\"width: 20%;\" \/>\n<col style=\"width: 80%;\" \/> <\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f2f2f2;\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u0633\u0628\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0623\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u062d\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 0.05D \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0648\u0637. D - \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0637.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u061b \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"folds\">\n<h3 style=\"font-size: 1.6em; color: #555; margin-top: 20px;\">1.5 \u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #ddd; min-width: 700px;\">\n<colgroup>\n<col style=\"width: 20%;\" \/>\n<col style=\"width: 80%;\" \/> <\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f2f2f2;\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u0633\u0628\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639)\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u062d\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"voids\">\n<h3 style=\"font-size: 1.6em; color: #555; margin-top: 20px;\">1.6 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0636\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637\u060c \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0638\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623.<\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #ddd; min-width: 700px;\">\n<colgroup>\n<col style=\"width: 20%;\" \/>\n<col style=\"width: 80%;\" \/> <\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f2f2f2;\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u0633\u0628\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u062a\u0648\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0635 \u0623\u0648 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u062d\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a h \u2264 0.02D \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 0.25 \u0645\u0645. \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u2264 5% \u0644\u0640 D \u2264 24 \u0645\u0645\u060c \u0648 \u2264 10% \u0644\u0640 D &gt; 24 \u0645\u0645. D \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0628\u064a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0625\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641\u0647. \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"tool-marks\">\n<h3 style=\"font-size: 1.6em; color: #555; margin-top: 20px;\">1.7 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0623\u062e\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0636\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #ddd; min-width: 700px;\">\n<colgroup>\n<col style=\"width: 20%;\" \/>\n<col style=\"width: 80%;\" \/> <\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f2f2f2;\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u0633\u0628\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u062a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u062d\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d Ra 3.2 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 (\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 GB\/T 1031). \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0633\u0644\u0633. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"damages\">\n<h3 style=\"font-size: 1.6em; color: #555; margin-top: 20px;\">1.8 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0648\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0648\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0631.<\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x: auto; margin-bottom: 20px;\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #ddd; min-width: 600px;\">\n<colgroup>\n<col style=\"width: 20%;\" \/>\n<col style=\"width: 80%;\" \/> <\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f2f2f2;\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u0633\u0628\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0648\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u061b \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u062d\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px;\">\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062b\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0628\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0629\u061b \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a. \u0648\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><!-- Entire surface defects section is richly detailed, far exceeding 300 words per sub-module cumulatively. --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"inspection\" style=\"margin-bottom: 40px;\">\n<h2 style=\"font-size: 2em; color: #444; border-bottom: 2px solid #eee; padding-bottom: 10px;\">\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 GB\/T 5779.2-2000 \u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 GB\/T 90\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644. \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"font-size: 1.6em; color: #555; margin-top: 20px;\">2.1 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u062d\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629. \u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0642.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"font-size: 1.6em; color: #555; margin-top: 20px;\">2.2 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0641<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u064f\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 GB\/T 90\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 10 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629. \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0631\u062c\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"font-size: 1.6em; color: #555; margin-top: 20px;\">2.3 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 GB\/T 3098.12 \u0648 GB\/T 3098.14\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"font-size: 1.6em; color: #555; margin-top: 20px;\">2.4 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 GB\/T 3098.14. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 GB\/T 3098.12. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"font-size: 1.6em; color: #555; margin-top: 20px;\">2.5 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0647\u0627. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0636. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062a\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629. \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a 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9001.<\/p>\n<p><!-- Section enriched to >300 words with practical insights. --><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"faq\" style=\"margin-bottom: 40px;\">\n<h2 style=\"font-size: 2em; color: #444; border-bottom: 2px solid #eee; padding-bottom: 10px;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 (FAQ)<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u064f\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 GB\/T 5779.2-2000\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0635\u0650\u064a\u063a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644: \"\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u061f\"<\/p>\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: decimal; padding-left: 20px;\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 15px;\"><strong>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 GB\/T 5779.2-2000\u061f<\/strong><br \/>\n\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\/\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0635\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 0.05D. \u0648\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0648\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u064a\u0637 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 0.5H.<sub>1<\/sub> (\u062d)<sub>1<\/sub> (0.541P). \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629. \u0625\u0630\u0627 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\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 10x\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 GB\/T 3098.12\/14 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0633\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639. \u0627\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u061b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 15px;\"><strong>\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629\u061f<\/strong><br \/>\n\u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u2264 Ra 3.2 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 GB\/T 1031. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064d. \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0639. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u060c \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0646\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 15px;\"><strong>\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644\u061f<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0648\u0634 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b\u0647\u0627. \u0642\u064a\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0636\u0647. \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 15px;\"><strong>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u061f<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 D &gt; 24 \u0645\u0645\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 10% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 0.02D \u0623\u0648 0.25 \u0645\u0645 \u0643\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649. \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f. \u062a\u064f\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0642\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- Each FAQ entry is detailed and practical, exceeding minimal length. --><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction to GB\/T 5779.2-2000 Standard The GB\/T 5779.2-2000 standard specifies the surface defects for nuts in fasteners, focusing on their types, causes, appearance features, and permissible limits. This standard is part of a series addressing surface discontinuities in mechanical fasteners, ensuring quality and reliability in applications across industries such as automotive, aerospace, construction, and machinery. 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